Verbal Repertoire in Kanpur: A Sociolinguistic Heterogeneity (original) (raw)
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Sociolinguistics of English in India
2014
The Present study attempts to discuss the Sociolinguistics of English in India. The rising status and the rapid spread of English is a matter of discussion in the field of applied linguistics. The language we speak defines and determines one’s place and identity in the world. It is not just a set of sound words or sentences. Many different regional varieties of English or ‘Englishes’ exist around the globe and are slowly but steadily gaining recognition. Indian English is one such variety. English spoken in India is deeply linked with the society, culture and the people. The function of English in India is different from that it performs in the native context. The defining factors such as the cultural plurality and presence of different languages have given India a distinct place in the multilingual context. The growth of English in India can be directly correlated with the growth of imperial rule in India. English language has been and continues to be a dividing force in the society.
2016
The language contact has been the primary concern of a number of sociolinguists across the world for decades. India, as well-known to all, is the home of diversity; linguistic, cultural, religious, and social diversity. All these aspects are interwoven together making India a vibrant nation promoting the impeccable idea of "unity in diversity". As a multilingual nation, the study of language contact, where hundreds of different languages are in a constant negotiation, provides an appropriate zone for investigating the language interaction and the sociolinguistic consequences resulting from such process. The Hindi language, the official and predominant language in India, coexists with many other national and indigenous languages. Jharkhand, on the other hand, is characterized with the most conservative tribes in India which managed to maintain their cultural and linguistic heritage over the years though the ruthless creep of the other cultures and languages into their cultural and linguistic zones. In these tribal areas, many languages are spoken among which is the Kurukh language which is spoken by nearly two million of Oraon and some other tribal people who are scattered in different areas of Jharkhand and some adjacent states such as Odisha, Bihar, and West Bengal. This paper casts the light on the Kurukh’s contact with Hindi and Sadri, being the languages spoken in the area under scrutiny, tracing the sociolinguistic consequences of this interaction through studying a sample of these tribes residing in Mandar area. It also seeks to find out the sociolinguistic status quo of Kurukh and its status among its speakers through considering the contexts and situations in which both Hindi and Kurukh are used. In addition, the study attempts to consider the extent of the impact of this contact on the linguistic identity of the Kurukh speakers along with its future being classified as a vulnerable language. It has been reported that Hindi, Sadri, and Kurukh are used exchangeably in a complementary distribution. Kurukh is spoken in some certain domains; at home, talking with friends of the same speech community, and in-group occasions when they come together to celebrate their religious festivals or any other social occasions whereas Hindi and Sadri are used for conversing with people of other speech communities or when they are in the presence of out-group people. On the other hand, the children receive their education in Hindi-medium schools and some of them in that of English-medium. In the school context, the students of Kurukh background avoid using their mother tongue even when they talk to each other lest to be mocked at or stigmatized by their friends and classmates who do not understand their language. This linguistic behavior of the young generation puts the Kurukh language at stake and jeopardizes the linguistic identity of its speakers as the time goes by.
Academic Research Publishing Group, 2016
The language contact has been the primary concern of a number of sociolinguists across the world for decades. India, as well-known to all, is the home of diversity; linguistic, cultural, religious, and social diversity. All these aspects are interwoven together making India a vibrant nation promoting the impeccable idea of "unity in diversity". As a multilingual nation, the study of language contact, where hundreds of different languages are in a constant negotiation, provides an appropriate zone for investigating the language interaction and the sociolinguistic consequences resulting from such process. The Hindi language, the official and predominant language in India, coexists with many other national and indigenous languages. Jharkhand, on the other hand, is characterized with the most conservative tribes in India which managed to maintain their cultural and linguistic heritage over the years, though the ruthless creep of the other cultures and languages into their cultural and linguistic zones. In these tribal areas, many languages are spoken among which is the Kurukh language which is spoken by nearly two million of Oraon and some other tribal people who are scattered in different areas of Jharkhand and some adjacent states such as Odisha, Bihar, and West Bengal. This paper casts the light on the Kurukh’s contact with Hindi and Sadri, being the languages spoken in the area under scrutiny, tracing the sociolinguistic consequences of this interaction through studying a sample of these tribes residing in Mandar area. It also seeks to find out the sociolinguistic status quo of Kurukh and its status among its speakers through considering the contexts and situations in which both Hindi and Kurukh are used. In addition, the study attempts to consider the extent of the impact of this contact on the linguistic identity of the Kurukh speakers along with its future being classified as a vulnerable language. It has been reported that Hindi, Sadri, and Kurukh are used exchangeably in a complementary distribution. Kurukh is spoken in some certain domains; at home, talking with friends of the same speech community, and in-group occasions when they come together to celebrate their religious festivals or any other social occasions whereas Hindi and Sadri are used for conversing with people of other speech communities or when they are in the presence of out-group people. On the other hand, the children receive their education in Hindi-medium schools and some of them in that of English-medium. In the school context, the students of Kurukh background avoid using their mother tongue even when they talk to each other lest to be mocked at or stigmatized by their friends and classmates who do not understand their language. This linguistic behavior of the young generation puts the Kurukh language at stake and jeopardizes the linguistic identity of its speakers as the time goes by.
Language, Culture and Communication: India
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We use language to express our emotions and attitudes, to give our ideas and opinions, to complain, to gain acceptance or approval, and to receive and transmit information. Essentially, language is a means of cultural communication. There are different ways we can communicate. In this world, just about everyone--his/her intelligence, competence, social status, group membership, and the value system are often judged from the language through which one communicates. The tone, the speed of the speech, and the accent can evoke reactions not only in monolingual but more so in bilingual and multilingual societies, causing tensions and conflicts related to social identity and belonging. Language influences our thinking, feelings, and behaving. This paper discusses diverse sociolinguistic variants, such as, gender, race, ethnicity, class, caste, and religion with reference to Marathi, Hindi and India’s diverse cultures. The paper also discusses extra-linguistic factors, including biological...