Origin and Chemical Variation of Brazilian Propolis (original) (raw)
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Comparative Chemistry of Propolis from Eight Brazilian Localities
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2013
Propolis is a complex honeybee product with resinous aspect, containing plant exudates and beeswax. Their color, texture, and chemical composition vary, depending on the location of the hives and local flora. The most studied Brazilian propolis is the green (alecrim-do-campo) type, which contains mainly prenylated phenylpropanoids and caffeoylquinic acids. Other types of propolis are produced in Brazil, some with red color, others brown, grey, or black. The aim of the present work was to determine the chemical profiles of alcohol and chloroform extracts of eight samples of propolis, corresponding to six Brazilian regions. Methanol and chloroform extracts were obtained and analyzed by HPLC/DAD/ESI/MS and GC/MS. Two chemical profiles were recognized among the samples analyzed: (1) black Brazilian propolis, characterized chiefly by flavanones and glycosyl flavones, stemming from Picos (Piauí state) and Pirenópolis (Goiás state); (2) green Brazilian propolis, characterized by prenylated phenylpropanoids and caffeoylquinic acids, stemming from Cabo Verde (Bahia state), Lavras and Mira Bela (Minas Gerais state), Pariquera-Açu and Bauru (São Paulo state), and Ponta Grossa (Paraná state). The present work represents the first report of prenylated flavonoids in Brazilian propolis and schaftoside (apigenin-8-C-glucosyl-6-C-arabinose) in green propolis.
How diverse is the chemistry and plant origin of Brazilian propolis?
Apidologie
Propolis is a honey bee product containing chiefly beeswax and resins originated from plant buds or exudates. Propolis resin exerts a diversity of biological activities, such as antitumoral, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and defense of the hive against pathogens. Chemical standardization and identification of botanical sources is crucial for characterization of propolis. Types of Brazilian propolis are characteristic of geographical regions and respective biomes, such as savannas (Cerrado), mangroves, dry forest (Caatinga), rain forests (Amazon, Atlantic, and Interior forests), altitudinal fields ("Campos Rupestres"), Pantanal, and Araucaria forests. Despite the wide diversity of Brazilian biomes and flora, relatively few types of Brazilian propolis and corresponding resin plant sources have been reported. Factors accounting for the restricted number of known types of Brazilian propolis and plant sources are tentatively pointed out. Among them, the paper discusses constraints that honey bees must overcome to collect plant exudates, including the characteristics of the lappingchewing mouthpart of honey bee, which limit their possibilities to cut and chew plant tissues, as well as chemical requirements that plant resins must fulfil, involving antimicrobial activity of its constituents and innocuity to the insects. Although much still needs to be done toward a more comprehensive picture of Brazilian propolis types and corresponding plant origins, the prospects indicate that the actual diversity of plant sources of honey bee propolis will remain relatively low.
Phytochemical evidence for the plant origin of Brazilian propolis from São Paulo State
1999
Propolis and plant secretions from three species, most frequently mentioned as botanical sources of the bee glue in Brazil (B accharis dracunculifolia, A raucaria angustifolia and E u ca lyptus citriodora) have been investigated using GC-MS. Based on chemical evidence, B. dra cunculifolia was shown to be the main propolis source in Säo Paulo state. The antibacterial and antifungal activities of all four materials were also tested, the most active being propolis and B accharis leaf exudate.
Brazilian Red Propolis—Chemical Composition and Botanical Origin
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2008
Propolis contains resinous substances collected by honey bees from various plant sources and has been used as a traditional folk medicine since ca 300 BC. Nowadays, the use of evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is increasing rapidly and so is the use of propolis in order to treat or support the treatment of various diseases. Much attention has been focused on propolis fromPopulussp. (Salicaceae) andBaccharis dracunculifolia(Asteracea), but scientific information about the numerous other types of propolis is still sparse. We gathered six samples of red propolis in five states of Northeastern Brazil. The beehives were located near woody perennial shrubs along the sea and river shores. The bees were observed to collect red resinous exudates onDalbergia ecastophyllum (L) Taub. (Leguminosae) to make propolis. The flavonoids of propolis and red resinous exudates were investigated using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and reversed-phase high-p...
Unusual chemical composition of a Mexican propolis collected in Quintana Roo, Mexico
Journal of Apicultural Research, 2016
Propolis is a resinous natural substance collected by honey bees from buds and exudates of various trees and plants. It is widely accepted that the composition of propolis depends on the phytogeographic characteristics of the site of collection. In this study, we have analyzed the chemical composition of a propolis collected in Quintana Roo, Mexico, and evaluated its antioxidant, antifungal, and antibacterial activities. Unexpectedly, the chemical analysis showed that the main components of the ethanolic extract of this Mexican propolis appeared to be pentacyclic triterpenoids, such as α and β-amyrin derivatives, and sterols. The crude extract did not show antioxidant activity when tested using the DPPH-reduction assay, and it also proved inactive when tested for antifungal and antibacterial activities using microdilution and agar diffusion assays, respectively. The fact that the presence of both α and β-amyrins and their derivatives have been reported from the resin of Bursera simaruba, one of the plants used by the bees for propolis production in Quintana Roo, Mexico, confirms the relationship that exists between the flora available to bees in a given region and the chemical composition of the propolis that they produce. Composició n química inusual de propó leos mexicano recogido en Quintana Roo, Mé xico El propó leo es un producto natural resinoso colectado por abejas a partir de brotes y exudados de diferentes plantas y árboles; es ampliamente aceptado que la composició n del propó leo depende de las características fitogeográficas del sitio de colecta. En este estudio analizamos la composició n química de un propó leo colectado en Quintana Roo, México, y evaluamos sus actividades antioxidante, antifúngica y antibacteriana. Inesperadamente, el análisis químico mostró que los principales componentes del extracto etanó lico del propó leo mexicano parecían ser triterpenoides pentacíclicos, tales como derivados de α y β-amyrina y esteroles. El extracto crudo no mostró actividad antioxidante al ser evaluado en el ensayo de reducció n de DPPH, y también se mostró inactivo al ser evaluado en cuanto a su actividad antifúngica y antibacteriana utilizando los ensayos de microdilució n y de difusió n en agar, respectivamente. El hecho de que la presencia de α y β-amyrina y sus derivados ya se ha reportado en la resina de Bursera simaruba, una de las plantas utilizadas por las abejas para su producció n de propó leo en Quintana Roo, México, confirma la relació n que existe entre la flora disponible para las abejas en una regió n en particular y la composició n química del propó leo que producen.
Functional Properties of Brazilian Propolis: From Chemical Composition Until the Market
Superfood and Functional Food - An Overview of Their Processing and Utilization, 2017
Propolis is a product obtained from resins and exudates of different plants from different regions in order to protect the comb, with peculiar organoleptic, chemicals and biological properties. Considering this, this chapter presents the types of Brazilian propolis as the types available nowadays, their chemical compositions, as well as, some of their important biological properties enabling employing them as important health food, such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, and immunomodulation action. Various "in vivo" and clinical trial studies, conducted in different regions, on the safety and dosage of propolis, technologies used to obtain propolis extract, and several innovative presentations of this promising bee product are also presented in this chapter. Finally, this chapter aims to present the regulatory affairs, potential market for propolis around the world, and perspectives for a near future.
molecules Recent Advances in the Chemical Composition of Propolis
Propolis is a honeybee product with broad clinical applications. Current literature describes that propolis is collected from plant resins. From a systematic database search, 241 compounds were identified in propolis for the first time between 2000 and 2012; and they belong to such diverse chemical classes as flavonoids, phenylpropanoids, terpenenes, stilbenes, lignans, coumarins, and their prenylated derivatives, showing a pattern consistent with around 300 previously reported compounds. The chemical characteristics of propolis are linked to the diversity of geographical location, plant sources and bee species.
Phenolic quantification and botanical origin of Portuguese propolis
Industrial Crops and Products, 2013
The production of propolis by honeybees results from a selective collection of exudates from leaf buds and plants present in the hive neighborhood leading to a resin with many potentialities in the pharmaceutical industry. This study aims to quantify the phenolic content in propolis from different Portuguese regions and in the potential floral sources, Populus x Canadensis Moench buds and Cistus ladanifer L., in order to establish links with geographical and botanical origin. The Portuguese propolis revealed a phenolic profile with marked differences in concentrations: the richness in flavonoids is common in all regions, but more evident in propolis from central interior, south and Madeira. The composition of poplar type propolis common in temperate zones was observed in the north, central coast and Azores, while the central interior and south samples, with a composition rich in kaempferol derivatives, resemble the C. ladanifer exudates, a spontaneous bush widespread in the Mediterranean. The compound kaempferol-3,7-dimethyl-ether, absent in the poplar type propolis, can be regard as a possible marker for the discrimination of these two types of propolis.
Scientific Reports
Brown propolis from permanent preservation and reforestation areas of southern Brazil have attracted international commercial interest and have a unique composition, although little is known about their botanical origins, which are the plant resins used by bee foragers to produce propolis. Hence, the volatile profiles of organic and non-organic brown propolis and resins of suspected botanical origins—Araucaria angustifolia, Pinus elliott and Pinus taeda—were determined using static headspace gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (SHS-GCMS) and compared. Nighty nine volatiles were tentatively identified, and monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes were the most abundant classes. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed similarity between organic propolis and A. angustifolia volatile profiles (p