Root Growth Responses of Maize (Zea mays L.) and Soybean (Glycine max L.) to Soil Compaction and Fertilization in a Ferric Acrisol (original) (raw)
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International Journal of Plant & Soil Science
Two factorial pot experiments arranged in a Completely Randomised Design (CRD) with three replications were carried out to assess the impact of different levels of soil compaction and fertilizer amendments on root growth and biomass yield of maize (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max L.) plants. The treatments were different rates of bulk densities – 1.3, 1.5 and 1.7 Mg m-3 and fertilizer amendments comprising 100% poultry manure (applied at 15 g/plant), 100% 15:15:15 NPK fertilizer (applied at 2.89 g/plant) and 50% rate each of poultry manure and NPK fertilizer (applied at 7.5 g poultry manure + 1.45 g NPK/plant), and control (no fertilizer amendments). Soil compaction reduced the heights of maize and soybean plants. Increasing soil compaction resulted in the accumulation of most of the root biomass in the uncompacted soil above the compacted layer. Application of soil amendments increased the relative root biomass of maize plants in the uncompacted soil, while that in the compac...
Soil compaction and placing of fertilizer in undesirable depth in soil are the most serious threat under intensive cultivation system in poorly drained heavy textured soil. In view of this, a field experiment was conducted during kharif season of 2014-15 to understand the effect of soil compaction and fertilizer placement depth on performance of maize crop, nutrient uptake and soil properties. The soil was heavy textured i.e. silty clay loam with poor drainage and receiving about >1400 mm rainfall annually. Root length and root length density of plants in compacted plots (1.54 and 1.63 Mg/m 3) decreased remarkably from 1.50-4.60 cm and 0.06-0.11 cm/cm 3 , respectively, compared with non-compacted soil (1.34 Mg/m 3) however root dry weight did not exhibit response against soil compaction. Maximum grain yield of 5613.4 and 5593.0 kg/ha was recorded with non-compacted soil (1.34 Mg/m 3) and 0-10 cm fertilizer placement depth, respectively, however at par yields were obtained between 1.54 and 1.63 Mg/m 3 compaction levels. Compaction and fertilizer placement depth showed highest adverse effect on Zn uptake (14.70-20.42%) whereas least on P uptake (6.23-11.0%). Non compacted soil (1.34 Mg/m 3) and placing fertilizer at 0-10 cm depth maintained favourable oxidizable organic carbon and hydraulic conductivity but reduced with increase in compaction and placement depth. In general, strong negative and non-significant relationships of the compaction and fertilizer placement depth with growth and yield parameters, yields, nutrient uptake and soil properties were estimated. Highlights • Soil compaction at 1.54 Mg/m 3 and fertilizer placement at 0-20cm depth reduced the maize grain yields by 10.6 and 8.8% over 1.34 Mg/m 3 and 0-10 cm depth respectively, and further increase in compaction and depth had less effect. • Uptake of nutrients was affected more between compaction levels of 1.34 and 1.54 Mg/m 3 but for fertilizer placement depths between 0-20 and 0-30 cm. • Organic carbon reduced significantly by 9.8% at 1.54 Mg/m 3 over non-compacted soil but was at par with 1.63 Mg/m 3 however hydraulic conductivity reduced significantly at all compaction levels. Fertilizer placement depth had significant effect on organic carbon, pH and electrical conductivity.
Plant, Soil and Environment
Soil compaction heterogeneity and water content are supposed to be decisive factors influencing plant growth. Our experiment focused on simulation of two soil moisture levels (0.16 and 0.19 g/g) plus two levels of clod proportion (30 and 60% volume) and their effects on root and leaf variables of maize (<I>Zea mays</I> L.). We studied number of primary and lateral roots as well as primary root length at the particular soil depths. Statistical tests showed that the decrease rate of the number of roots versus depth was significantly affected by the two studied factors (<I>P</I> < 0.01). Soil moisture and clod occurrence, interactively, affected leaf biomass (<I>P</I> = 0.02). Presence of clods modified root morphological features. Particularly, the diameter of primary roots in the clods was significantly higher than of those grown in fine soil (<I>P</I> < 0.01). For primary roots, which penetrated clods, branching density decreased...
Effect of soil compaction on the initial development of corn
Corn is one of the oldest crops of great economic and social importance, used in human and animal food and in various industries. In 2022/2023, world production was 1,155.6 million tons, with a forecast of 1,235.7 million for 2023/2024. Brazil, the third largest producer in the world, with around 130 million, is also the largest exporter. Corn productivity faces challenges such as soil compaction, especially in the cerrado, which reduces root growth and nutrient absorption, negatively impacting production. The research sought management practices to mitigate these effects, varying according to the type of soil, species and level of compaction. The research was carried out with the objective of evaluating the effect of soil compaction in the initial phase of corn cultivation. This is a descriptive, explanatory research, experimental and field study, carried out in Porto Nacional – TO, through four treatments and five replications, with soil subjected to different compactions (0, 50, 100 and 150kg) by hydraulic press. For compaction, a hydraulic press was used, subjected to weights of 50 kg for Treatment A, 100 kg for Treatment B and 150 kg for Treatment C and Treatment D test 0 kg, The TD treatment presented the highest average values for plant height (AP), shoot dry matter (MSPA) and mean root dry matter (RMS), reaching 40%, 17% and 4.2%, respectively, these results indicate that the Proper management of soil compaction conditions is essential to optimize plant development.
Asian Soil Research Journal
Compaction is one of the major threats to soil sustainability as it can have negative effects on soil physical properties. Therefore, field experiments were conducted at Ladoke Akintola University of Technology Teaching and Research Farm, Ogbomoso, Southwestern Nigeria, in 2015 and 2016 to evaluate the influence of soil compaction on selected soil physical properties, growth, yield and nutrient uptake of soybean (Glycine max.). The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated three times. There were four treatments which consisted of 0 (no pass of tractor wheel), 4, 8, and 14 passes of tractor wheel totaling 16 treatments. Soil physical properties determined were; bulk density, total porosity, macroporosity and saturated hydraulic conductivity. While data recorded on soybean were plant height, stem girth, number of leaves, biomass and grain yield. Data collected were subjected to Analysis of Variance and significant means were compared using Least Sig...
Sustainability, 2022
Soil compaction is a worldwide problem in agricultural areas, and it is important to define soil properties and reference values that allow knowledge of the compaction level for decision making. The objective of this study was to define the critical values of physical properties associated with the compaction of soils. Three Ultisols and two Oxisols, under different management systems, were collected at different depths for an evaluation of particle size, volumetric moisture, bulk density, and porosity. In the field, soil resistance to penetration and the root length of the soybean and edible black bean crop were measured. The soil profiles presented horizontal layers with similar resistance, but in some cases, there is discontinuity of these layers, which allows the roots to use the zones of lower resistance to deepen in the profile. The values of bulk density and resistance to penetration critical to soybean and edible black bean (only in sandy loam soil) root growth, according to...
SUBSOIL COMPACTION EFFECTS ON SOIL PROPERTIES, NUTRIENT UPTAKE AND YIELD OF MAIZE FODDER (Zea mays L
Field experiments were conducted during the years 2003-2004 at Soil Chemistry Section, Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, Faisalabad, to evaluate the effect of hardpan and NPK fertilizers on soil properties, nutrient uptake and yield of maize fodder. Three hardpan levels, natural hardpan broken by chiseling (HP 0 ); natural hardpan (HP 1 ) and artificial hardpan (HP 2 ) by compacting soil with 10 ton-loaded trolley, were developed with three levels of NPK fertilizers (half recommended; recommended and double recommended dose). The results revealed that hardpan significantly reduced the nutrients uptake and yield of maize fodder in both the years. Chisel broken hardpan (HP 0 ) increased the yield of maize fodder 10 and 11% over natural hardpan (HP 1 ) and 14 and 20% over artificial hardpan (HP 2 ) during the years 2003 and 2004, respectively. Application of highest fertilizer nutrients dose significantly increased the fresh fodder yield of maize crop in both years. Lowest fodder yield was 35.6 and 29.7 ton -1 while highest yield was 40.9 and 35.6 ton -1 , obtained during 2003 and 2004, respectively. Maximum nutrient use efficiency (NUE) was obtained from the field where recommended dose of NPK fertilizer (90-60-40 kg ha -1 ) was added, that was 77 and 65 kg maize fodder/kg nutrient in the years 2003 and 2004, respectively. The effect of hardpan and fertilizers on nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium concentration was significant during the year 2003 while during the year 2004 this effect on nitrogen concentration in maize plants was non-significant while on phosphorus and potassium concentration was significant. Chisel broken hardpan (HP 0 ) increased nitrogen uptake 1.2 and 6% over natural hardpan (HP 1 ) and 22 and 24% over artificial hardpan (HP 2 ) during the years 2003 and 2004, respectively.
Soil Compaction and Root Growth: A Review
Agronomy Journal, 1994
Adverse effects of soil compaction on crop production have been recognized for many years. The objectives of this report were to briefly review the early literature, review the contributions of Dr. Howard M. Taylor (1924M. Taylor ( -1991 and co-workers, examine the current status of soil compaction and root growth research, and identify research needs related to soil compaction and root growth. Early in his career, Dr. Taylor and co-workers established relationships among soil strength, soil water content, and seedling emergence and root growth. These studies showed that root growth and distribution were altered to the point that water and nutrient uptake, and, hence, plant growth and yield, were reduced when soil strength reached critical levels due to natural or induced compaction. That research formed the basis for our current knowledge concerning the effects of compaction on root growth and the alleviation of compaction through soil and tillage management. Usually, not all parts of a root system are equally exposed to compaction under field conditions. Hence, because of compensatory growth by unimpeded parts of the system, only the distribution and not the total length of roots may be altered. Even if compaction limits root growth, weather events sometimes enhance or diminish the effect of root limitation on crop growth. To reduce risks in dry years and to use applied nutrients efficiently, managing soils through the use of tillage and related practices and growing of deep-rooted crops in rotations will help avoid or alleviate compaction, thus improving root distribution and increasing rooting depth.
Effects of Soil Compaction on Development and Yield of Corn (Maize)
Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 1978
A 100-plot experiment was performed during the growing season of 1976 in a Ste. Rosalie clay soil, using a randomized complete-block design with 25 treatments of machinery traffic within each of four blocks. Three vehicle contact pressures, four numbers of tractor passes, before or after seeding groups and a control of zero traffic were used to relate the growth and yield variables to wheel traffic and resulting soil compaction. Plant emergence and tasselling were delayed with increasing machinery traffic. The plant growth rate monitored at 29, 44, 60, 74 and 88 days from the seeding time was dramatically different from plot to plot. Growth models at different times of the season were derived in terms of the product of contact pressure and number of passes of the vehicle. Plant and ear moisture contents were higher in plots with heavier traffic treatment. Yield, ear yield and grain yield all decreased with increases in machine contact pressure and passes. The reduction in yield was ...