Efficacy of some entomopathogenic nematodes against insect pests of ginger and their multiplication (original) (raw)
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Role of entomopathogenic nematodes in the management of insect pests
2014
Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) of the genera Heterorhabditis and Steinernema are obligate and lethal insect parasites. They have the greater potential to be developed as a microbial agent for the management of various insect pests of orchard, vegetables, ornamental plants and turf grasses. The third stage juvenile i.e. the infective juvenile along with symbiotic bacteria (Xenorhabdus spp. in Steinernema spp. and Photorhabdus spp. in Heterorhabditis spp.) enters into the insect body through natural openings or sometimes by penetration through intersegmental membrane. The relationship between nematode and bacteria is an example of true mutualism and from this relation both the organisms are benefited. This nematode-bacterium complex causes the death of insect pests within 24–72 hours. Mass rearing of Steinernematid and Heterorhabditid nematodes can be done in vivo in insect hosts and in vitro in solid medium or in liquid medium. For in vivo production Galleria mellonella larvae are...
Entomopathogenic Nematodes in Pest Management
Integrated Pest Management (IPM): Environmentally Sound Pest Management, 2016
Naturally occurring entomopathogenic nematodes and their symbiotic bacteria are important biotic factor in suppression of insect pest populations in soil and cryptic habitats. The virulent species of these nematodes are commercially produced as biological control agents all over the world encompassing North America, Europe, Asia and Australia in glasshouse crops, orchards, ornamentals, turf, lawn, and forestry. India has a great potential to exploit these beneficial nematodes for the suppression of insect pests. Recent emphasis on mass production and formulation technologies of these nematodes in India stresses a need to implement safer and effective pest control methods. This article provides an overview of recent development on formulation and commercialization of entomopathogenic nematodes, and evaluates their potential exploitation in India.
Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences. A, Entomology
The potato crop (Solanum tuberosum L.) is one of Egypt's most fundamental food crops and global. It is an onslaught by many insect pests that as the potato tuber moth, Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller), the hard black beetle, Pentodon bispinosus (Kuster), and the Egyptian cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval). The current research aims to study the efficacy of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs); Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, Steinernema glaseri, and Steinernema carpocapsae, against some major pest species that infest the potato crop.The experiment of P. operculella4 th larval instars and pupae treated with H. bacteriophora and S. carpocapsae gave the highest mortality compared with S. glaseri. The LC50 values of H. bacteriophora and S. carpocapsae were calculated in the 4 th instar larvae of P. operculella as 127.1496 and 148.5994 IJs/larva, respectively. While the LC50 value of S. glaseri recorded, was 247.2687 IJs/larva. Treatment of P. bispinosus larvae S. glaseri showed the highest efficacy against the 2 nd and 3 rd instars larvae of P. bispinosus compared with H. bacteriophora and S. carpocapsae. The LC50 values of S. glaseri were 1073.640 and 1330.312IJs/larva to combat the 2 nd and 3 rd instars larvae of P. bispinosus. In the experiment of S. littoralis on 3 rd and 5 th instar larvae, the H. bacteriophora and S. carpocapsae showed higher mortality than S. glaseri. LC50 values of H. bacteriophora and S. carpocapsae were (38.489 and 40.791) and (42.149 and 51.932) IJs/larva in the 3 rd and 5 th instar larvae of S.littoralis, respectively. While in the case of S. glaseri, correspondent LC50 values recorded were70.106 and 95.295 IJs/larva. H. bacteriophora recorded the most elevated mortality in (the 4 th larval instars and pupae of P. operculella) and (3 rd and 5 th instar larvae of S. littoralis), followed by S. carpocapsae. S. glaseri recorded the highest mortality (100%) of2 nd and 3 rd instars larvae of P. bispinosus compared with H. bacteriophora and S. carpocapsae. The results also concluded that S. littoraliswas the most sensitive to the use of EPNs, followed by P. operculella and then P. bispinosus. EPNs can be relied on as successful biocontrol agents against soil-dwelling pests and add nematodes to pest control programs.
A REVIEW ON ROLE OF ENTOMOPATHOGENIC NEMATODES IN INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT
International Journal of Zoology and Applied Biosciences, 2022
Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs), which are microbial pathogens cum insect pest's biocontrol agents, have been used successfully in agricultural systems. They may be easily cultivated in vivo or in vitro and are extremely pathogenic, quickly killing their hosts. Due to their widespread production in liquid media, their production costs have recently decreased dramatically, while still being safe for the environment and non-target vertebrates. Additionally, there are no challenges in using EPNs because they can be coupled with practically all chemical control chemicals and are simple to spray using ordinary equipment. EPNs are frequently used to control economically significant insect pests in a variety of farming systems, including nurseries, greenhouses, turf grass, and fruit orchards. Only in the early 1980's did EPNs start to be used for biocontrol, and this needed a gradual advancement of both science and technology. The commercialization of nematode-based insect pest management was greatly aided by the nematode's mass production. This review paper discusses different species of EPNs, its Mass production and utilization in Integrated Pest Management program.
Successes and failures in the use of parasitic nematodes for pest control
Biological Control, 2006
Advances in mass-production and formulation technology of entomopathogenic nematodes, the discovery of numerous isolates/ strains and the desirability of reducing pesticide usage have resulted in a surge of scientific and commercial interest in these nematodes. The lessons learned from earlier problems have encouraged scientists and leading commercial companies to increase their efforts toward improving cost efficiency and better product positioning in the market within the confines of product capabilities. The successes or failures of the nematodes against 24 arthropod pest species of agriculture and animals and against a major slug pest in agriculture are discussed in this review. Commercial successes are documented in markets such as citrus (Diaprepes root weevil), greenhouses and glasshouses (black vine weevil, fungus gnats, thrips, and certain borers), turf (white grubs, billbugs, and mole crickets), and mushrooms (sciarid flies). In addition, the successful commercialization of a nematode (Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita) against slugs in agricultural systems is presented. Despite this progress, the reality is that nematode-based products have limited market share. Limited share is attributed to higher product cost compared to standard insecticides, low efficacy under unfavorable conditions, application timing and conditions, limited data and cost benefit in IPM programs, refrigeration requirements and limited room temperature shelf life (product quality), use of suboptimum nematode species, and lack of detail application directions. One or more of these factors affected the market introduction of the nematodes despite promising field efficacy against insects such as black cutworm in turf, sugar beet weevil in sugar beet, sweet potato weevil in sweet potato, and house fly adult in animal-rearing farms. Insects such as cabbage root maggots, carrot root weevil, and Colorado potato beetle are listed on the label of certain commercial products despite low efficacy data, due to insect susceptibility, biology, and/or behavior. To make entomopathogenic nematodes more successful, realistic strategies through genetic engineering, IPM programs, and new delivery systems and/or training programs to overcome their inherent cost, formulation instability, and limited field efficacy toward certain insects are needed.
ENTOMOPATHOGENIC NEMATODES : A HIDDEN ENEMY OF INSECT PESTS
Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN's) are attractive, organic alternatives for controlling a wide range of insect pests and they are utilized in classical, conservation and augmentative biological control programs. The history of entomopathogenic nematology is briefly reviewed. In general, EPN's are soil borne and generally gets mutually associated with a bacterium which is responsible for pesticidal actions and its life cycle of consist of five developmental stages. The two most studied species of EPN's are Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae families which has mutualistic association with bacteria of genus Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus, respectively. The virulence mechanisms of the symbiotic bacteria were depending upon antibiotic properties, phase variants and impeding host defense responses. In the laboratory use and small scale field experiments, in vivo production of EPNs appears to be the appropriate method. In vitro technology is used when large scale production is needed at reasonable quality and cost. The efficacy of EPNs can be enhanced through proper production technology, storage mechanism, application technology etc. The scientific community, academician and industrialist are interest to development of new bio-insecticides, which are environmentally friendly. The concerns for the environment and human health and to reducing the risks connected with chemicals, the present review article focused on importance of EPN's in insect pests management, its life cycle, virulence mechanism, mass production technology, commercial product and storage, application technology, guideline for field application and its ccompatibility with insecticide and fertilizers are briefly reviewed.
Biosafety of Different Entomopathogenic Nematodes Species on Some Insects Natural Enemies
Biosafety of ten entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs)species were evaluated against three natural enemies; green lacewing, Chrysoperla carnea (Stephenus), seven spotted lady beetle, Coccinella septempunctata and minute pirate bug, Orius albidipennis.Three concentrations of each strain were used (500, 250 and 125 IJs/ml). The lowest lethal concentration for 50 % of each population (LC50,s) was 110.7, 109.2 and 730.7 IJs/ml for C. carnea, C. septempunctata and O. albidipennis, respectively. Steinernema carpocapsae (ALL) was the most effective entomopathogenic nematodes specie against all tested insects. The D1specie (Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar) was the least effective against C. carnea and C. septempunctata. The LC50,s were 214.9 and 163.3 IJs/ml, respectively. The S2 (S. carpocapsae Wiser) was the least effective specie against O. albidipennis (2099.1 IJs/ml). These results cleared that O. albidipennis not affected by all concentrations used. So, entomopathogenic nematodes can be used safely during the peak of O. albidipennis. The results recommended that avoiding using concentrations above 100 IJs/ml of entomopathogenic nematodes during the peak of C. carnea and C. septempunctata. The obtained results showed also, both C. carnea and C. septempunctata were more susceptible than O. albidipennis to all species of entomopathogenic nematodes.
African Entomology, 2014
Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) have been identified as being promising biological control agents of key insect pests. The two EPN genera that have shown potential for use as biological control agents within an integrated pest management programme are Steinernema and Heterorhabditis. Large numbers of EPNs can be produced through either in vivo or in vitro culturing practices. Commercialization and the successful use of EPNs to control pests in North America, Australia, Europe and Asia have confirmed the effectiveness of these organisms as biological control agents. Two endemic EPN isolates to South Africa, Heterorhabditis zealandica (SF41) and H. bacteriophora (SF351) have been shown to be effective control agents of codling moth, Cydia pomonella, false codling moth, Thaumatotibia leucotreta, obscure mealybug, Pseudococcus viburni, and the banded fruit weevil, Phlyctinus callosus. Unfortunately, EPNs in large enough numbers for commercial field applications are not yet available on the South African market.
Plant protection, 2024
Leucinodes orbonalis is a potential pest of eggplant, commonly known as fruit and shoot borer. Owing to its devastating nature, chemical pesticides are frequently applied and insecticide pressure is significantly higher in developing nations. Keeping the current situation in mind the most effective and practical strategy for managing insect pests found in humid and subtropical environments is the bio-control. Entomopathogenic nematodes, has been utilized against many pests for their effective management. Keeping in view the biocidal potential of entomopathogenic nematodes, the current study was planned to explore the biocidal potential of Steinernema and Heterorhabditis, two significant genera of entomopathogenic nematodes against L. orbonalis. White trap extraction technique was used to isolate nematodes from several insect larvae. Four discrete concentrations of entomopathogenic nematodes viz. 60, 90, 120, and 150 infective juveniles per larvae were applied on larval stages. The virulence trial was followed by completely randomized block design. Multiple comparisons showed that among both the tested nematodes H. bacteriophora induced significant 81.33% mortality corresponding to 150 IJs/larva after 72 h of exposure as compared to S. glaseri. In the view of current research, entomopathogenic nematodes are recommended to be used in integrated pest management program for the management of insect pests.
Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control, 2022
Background: The cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is an economic pest on various crops worldwide. Farmers generally used to apply chemical pesticides to control the pest. The bio-control potential of the entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) as alternatives to harmful synthetic pesticides was examined in this study. The study aimed to determine the efficacy of EPNs isolates against the different stages of larvae of the cotton leafworm S. littoralis and the effect of time on mortality rate under laboratory conditions. Results: EPNs isolates were tested at 4 different concentrations (0, 250, 500 and 1000 IJs/ml) in 150 ml plastic containers on last instar larvae (sixth instar) of S. litorallis. Experiments for third, fourth and fifth instar larvae of S. litorallis were carried out in petri dishes at different concentrations (0, 50, 100 and 200 IJs/ml) at 25 °C temperature. Mortality rates of larvae were calculated at 3 different times (48, 72, 96 h) after inoculation. The high mortality rate of last instar larvae (98.81%) of S. littoralis was caused by Steinernema feltiae (Tokat-Emir), followed by S. carpocapsae (Tokat-Bakışlı05) (95.24%) and then H. bacteriophora (11 KG) with (90.47%) at the highest concentration (1000 IJ/ml). The highest mortality rate of fifth instar larvae was caused by S. feltiae (Tokat-Bakışlı05) and S. carpocapsae (Tokat-Emir) with (100%) and (92.12%). In addition, the highest mortality rate of the 4th instar larvae was determined S. feltiae (Tokat-Bakışlı05) and S. carpocapsae (Tokat-Emir) isolates (98.87%) and (97.74%), respectively. Additionally, the highest larval mortality rate in the third stage by S. feltiae (Tokat-Bakışlı05) and S. carpocapsae (Tokat-Emir) was (100%) and (97.74%) at the highest concentration. Mortality rates of larvae were calculated at 3 different times after inoculation. The highest mortality rate counted in all isolates was determined 96 and 72 h after inoculation of EPNs. Conclusions: All indigenous EPN isolates were found to be effective at different rates against S. littoralis. The results showed that these nematode species could be used against S. littoralis biological control programs.