Microwire-Based Sensor Array for Measuring Wheel Loads of Vehicles (original) (raw)
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Article An Embedded Stress Sensor for Concrete SHM Based on Amorphous Ferromagnetic Microwires
2014
A new smart concrete aggregate design as a candidate for applications in structural health monitoring (SHM) of critical elements in civil infrastructure is proposed. The cement-based stress/strain sensor was developed by utilizing the stress/strain sensing properties of a magnetic microwire embedded in cement-based composite (MMCC). This is a contact-less type sensor that measures variations of magnetic properties resulting from stress variations. Sensors made of these materials can be designed to satisfy the specific demand for an economic way to monitor concrete infrastructure health. For this purpose, we embedded a thin magnetic microwire in the core of a cement-based cylinder, which was inserted into the concrete specimen under study as an extra aggregate. The experimental results show that the embedded MMCC sensor is capable of measuring internal compressive stress around the range of 1-30 MPa. Two stress sensing properties of the embedded sensor under uniaxial compression were studied: the peak amplitude and peak position of magnetic
An Embedded Stress Sensor for Concrete SHM Based on Amorphous Ferromagnetic Microwires
A new smart concrete aggregate design as a candidate for applications in structural health monitoring (SHM) of critical elements in civil infrastructure is proposed. The cement-based stress/strain sensor was developed by utilizing the stress/strain sensing properties of a magnetic microwire embedded in cement-based composite (MMCC). This is a contact-less type sensor that measures variations of magnetic properties resulting from stress variations. Sensors made of these materials can be designed to satisfy the specific demand for an economic way to monitor concrete infrastructure health. For this purpose, we embedded a thin magnetic microwire in the core of a cement-based cylinder, which was inserted into the concrete specimen under study as an extra aggregate. The experimental results show that the embedded MMCC sensor is capable of measuring internal compressive stress around the range of 1–30 MPa. Two stress sensing properties of the embedded sensor under uniaxial compression were studied: the peak amplitude and peak position of magnetic OPEN ACCESS Sensors 2014, 14 19964 switching field. The sensitivity values for the amplitude and position within the measured range were 5 mV/MPa and 2.5 µs/MPa, respectively.
A Sensor for Embedded Stress Measure of Concrete: Testing and Material Heterogeneity Issues
Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 2019
Concrete is well known to be a heterogeneous material that is usually considered homogeneous only referring to a scale of several centimetres. This characteristic makes measuring stresses inside concrete a particularly difficult task. Strains can be measured using several well-known devices. Nevertheless, it is almost impossible to derive a correct estimation of the stress within a concrete structure starting from strain measures as the modulus of elasticity is variable and unknown and creep strains superimpose elastic ones. A preliminary experimental campaign performed to test a stress sensor with the dimensions of a coin to be embedded in concrete is described in the present paper. The effects external applied load are measured comparing the results of short-term loading test performed directly on the sensor and on concrete specimens
IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 2000
This paper deals with the possibilities of contactless stress measuring inside a material. Conventional strain gauge measuring methods cover surface stress measuring, however measuring inside in material is widely limited. Magnetic microwires give us the ability to create a build-in sensor inside the material without its structure violation. Moreover, sensor can measure several parameters simultaneously, what makes this technology very interesting for many applications.
Measurement Science and Technology, 2012
In many civil and geotechnical applications it is of interest to monitor the strain deep inside the structure; consequently, it is necessary to embed the sensors into the structure's material. Construction and geotechnical materials, such as concrete and soil, can be affected by local defects, e.g. cracks, air pockets and inclusions. To monitor these materials at a structural level it is necessary to use long-gauge sensors. As the sensor has to be embedded in the host material, its presence causes perturbation of the strain field and influences the accuracy of the strain measurement. The aim of this research was to identify the critical parameters that influence the accuracy of the strain measurement, to study how these parameters affect the accuracy, and to give recommendations for sensor users. The study was based on finite element analysis and all involved materials were assumed to have the Möhr-Coulomb elastic, perfectly plastic behavior. A suitability of the numerical model for the analysis was verified using the experimental results of two cases reported in the literature and one on-site application. The study revealed that the most important parameters that influence the accuracy of the strain measurement are the goodness of interaction (strain transfer) between the host material and the anchor pieces of the sensor, the ratio between equivalent Young's modulus of the sensor and the Young's modulus of the host material, the radius of the anchor piece and the gauge length. The numerical model and parametric study are presented in detail along with practical recommendations.
Evaluation of Sensor Performance for Concrete Applications
Transportation Research Record, 2008
Structural health monitoring using sensor technology is one of the most promising ways that can provide an excellent means for protecting important structures such as bridges. dams, and nuclear reactors. These sensors provide real-time information about structural conditions such as strain, temperature, and vibration. The information obtained from these sensors can later he analyzed and compared with the design data; the process allows the eady detection of problems. This paper presents experimental results on two types of sensors to verify their behavior, accuracy, and applicability for strain monitoring of concrete applieation.'i, The investigation included concrete curing-behavior test, thermal test, accuracy test, and other t€!sts to assess the mechanical properties of concrete with embedded sensors. Different inspection techniques have been used for bridge condition assessment. Traditional inspection techniques, such as visual inspection and chain drag, are mainly subjective and cannot detect the defects at their occurrence. According to a recent study by the FHW A, more than 56% of the average condition rating performed on bridges using visual inspection was wrong with a 95% probability (1). One way to overcome the shortages in the available inspection techniques is to use the concept of structural health monitoring (SHM) with state-of-the-art sensor technology. SHM is used 10 identify, record, and measure structural perfonnance. It helps in detecting and evaluating any problems that can affect a structw-e's safety, serviceability, and integrity (2). In other words, it is the ability to proactively manage structural health by diagnosing deterioration and damage at the time of its occurrence [0 guarantee public safety, to prolong the service life of the bridge, and to reduce future costs (3).
Calibration of Elasto-Magnetic Sensors on In-Service Cable-Stayed Bridges for Stress Monitoring
Sensors (Basel, Switzerland), 2018
The recent developments in measurement technology have led to the installation of efficient monitoring systems on many bridges and other structures all over the world. Nowadays, more and more structures have been built and instrumented with sensors. However, calibration and installation of sensors remain challenging tasks. In this paper, we use a case study, Adige Bridge, in order to present a low-cost method for the calibration and installation of elasto-magnetic sensors on cable-stayed bridges. Elasto-magnetic sensors enable monitoring of cable stress. The sensor installation took place two years after the bridge construction. The calibration was conducted in two phases: one in the laboratory and the other one on site. In the laboratory, a sensor was built around a segment of cable that was identical to those of the cable-stayed bridge. Then, the sample was subjected to a defined tension force. The sensor response was compared with the applied load. Experimental results showed tha...
Sensors, 2021
Nanomodified smart cement-based sensors are an emerging self-sensing technology for the structural health monitoring (SHM) of reinforced concrete (RC) structures. To date, several literature works demonstrated their strain-sensing capabilities, which make them suited for damage detection and localization. Despite the most recent technological improvements, a tailored measurement technique allowing feasible field implementations of smart cement-based sensors to concrete structures is still missing. In this regard, this paper proposes a multichannel measurement technique for retrieving strains from smart cement-based sensors embedded in RC structures using a distributed biphasic input. The experiments performed for its validation include the investigation on an RC beam with seven embedded sensors subjected to different types of static loading and a long-term monitoring application on an RC plate. Results demonstrate that the proposed technique is effective for retrieving time-stable s...
Non-Destructive Testing of Aircraft Structures Using Microwire-Based Tensile Stress Sensor
Applied Sciences
The development of non-destructive methods for material testing and diagnostics has been, in the last few decades, focused mainly on optical, infrared, thermography, ultrasonic, acoustic or X-ray principles. This article deals with the possibility of adaptation of magnetic sensors for the diagnostics of aircraft structures. The developed sensors are based on the enhanced induction method, allowing contactless diagnostics of the material structure. In the role of the sensing element, amorphous magnetic microwires were used. Thanks to their dimensions, microwires can either be placed on the material surface or be embedded directly into the composite material without structural violations. In the article, the measurement principles of the developed microwire-based tensile stress sensors, together with the experimental measurements with the sensors originally tested in the aircraft wing, are presented.