Active smoking and second-hand-smoke exposure at home among Irish children, 1995���2007 (original) (raw)
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Tobacco Taxation in the European Union
Finanzarchiv, 2006
Later this year, the European Commission has to submit a report to the Council of Ministers and the European Parliament with its views on tobacco tax policy in the EU. A 2004 publication issued by the Commission expressed the beliefs that tobacco consumption should be controlled by increasing tobacco excises and that harmonisation should proceed on the basis of specific rates. This paper reviews and evaluates EU tobacco tax policies. It supports the move towards specific taxation, but notes that there are conceptual and empirical limits to excessively high tobacco taxes. Smokers appear to pay their way and cigarette smuggling is a growing menace to health and revenue objectives.
Pricing Policies And Control of Tobacco in Europe (PPACTE) project
European Journal of Cancer Prevention, 2014
Objective Limited data on smoking prevalence allowing valid between-country comparison are available in Europe. The aim of this study is to provide smoking prevalence and its determinants in 18 European countries. Methods In 2010, within the Pricing Policies and Control of Tobacco in Europe (PPACTE) project, we conducted a face-to-face survey on smoking in 18 European countries
Tobacco affordability, sales and excise revenues in the 28 European Union countries in 2011-2014
Tobacco Prevention & Cessation, 2017
is an open access, peer-reviewed online journal that encompasses all aspects of tobacco use, prevention and cessation that can promote a tobacco free society. The aim of the journal is to foster, promote and disseminate research involving tobacco use, prevention, policy implementation at a regional, national or international level, disease development-progression related to tobacco use, tobacco use impact from the cellular to the international level and finally the treatment of tobacco attributable disease through smoking cessation.
Tobacco control in Europe: a policy review
European respiratory review : an official journal of the European Respiratory Society, 2016
Tobacco is responsible for the death of 6 million people every year globally, of whom 700 000 are in Europe. Effective policies for tobacco control exist; however, the status of their implementation varies across the World Health Organization (WHO) European Region. In order to tackle the tobacco epidemic, action has been taken though the implementation of both legally binding and non-legally binding measures. This article aims to present the achievements and challenges of tobacco control in Europe, focussing on the available legally binding instruments such as the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control and the revision of the Tobacco Products Directive at the European Union level. Tobacco still faces heavy lobbying of the tobacco industry, which has systematically contrasted policies to achieve public health objectives. The legal instruments for tobacco control in Europe presented here are not always adequately enforced in all the countries and there is certainly room for impro...
Tobacco control, 2014
Following a legal agreement with the European Union (EU), Philip Morris International (PMI) commissions a yearly report ('Project Star', PS) on the European illicit cigarette trade from KPMG, the global accountancy firm. Review of PS 2010 report. Comparison with data from independent sources including a 2010 pan-European survey (N=18,056). Within PS, data covering all 27 EU countries are entered into a model. While the model itself seems appropriate, concerns are identified with the methodologies underlying the data inputs and thus their quality: there is little transparency over methodologies; interview data underestimate legal non-domestic product partly by failing to account for legal cross-border sales; illicit cigarette estimates rely on tobacco industry empty pack surveys which may overestimate illicit; and there is an over-reliance on data supplied by PMI with inadequate external validation. Thus, PMI sales data are validated using PMI smoking prevalence estimates, ye...
Demand for Tobacco in Europe. An Econometric Analysis of 11 Countries for the PPACTE Project
Background. Pricing policy is seen as the most important intervention in tobacco control to reduce smoking. We analyzed the price elasticities and other key determinants of demand for tobacco in 11 European countries (Austria, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom) and evaluated to what extent demand for the selected tobacco products can be controlled by price and other policy measures. Methods. The annual time series covered periods ranging from 30 to 60 years, ending in 2009. Cigarettes were consumed in all countries studied, whereas pipe and hand-rolling tobacco and snus were the second most used products in some of the countries. Per capita consumption of each of these products was explained in each country-specific analysis by the real price of tobacco products, real disposable income per capita, and a tobacco control policy index measuring the magnitude of implemented tobacco control policies at country level...
The European Tobacco Control Report 2007
2007
The European tobacco control report describes the tobacco control situation and the status of tobacco control policies in the WHO European Region as at late 2006; reviews progress following the adoption of the European Strategy for Tobacco Control (ESTC) in 2002; and establishes a baseline for monitoring implementation of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) in the Region. The document presents an overview of the situation regarding tobacco use and related harm in the WHO European Region during the period 2002-2006 and of Member States' policy responses and implementation of national tobacco control measures in line with the recommendations of the ESTC. Reference is also made to the status of policies in countries in the light of the specific requirements of the WHO FCTC. Lessons learned and challenges faced during the policy-making process are illustrated by several short national, regional and subregional case studies attached to the Report.
Tobacco use in the European region
European Journal of Cancer Prevention, 2008
This paper presents comparable tobacco use prevalence estimates for the WHO European region for two common definitions of tobacco use: current smoker (occasional and daily) and daily smoker. Data collections held in the WHO Global InfoBase (www.who.int/infobase) were used to examine patterns of tobacco use at the country level, in the region as a whole and for specific subregional groups. Data from 275 sources presenting tobacco use prevalence by age and sex and representing 46 out of 52 countries in the WHO European region met the inclusion criteria. Regression models were used to adjust country-reported prevalence to a standard set of definitions and age groups. Estimates were projected to a set of standard reporting years, 2002, 2005 and 2015. The prevalence of current smoking and daily smoking was 33.2 and 28.4%, respectively in 2002. Male smokers had overall higher prevalence of daily smoking, 37.7% and current smoking, 43.1% in 2002. The corresponding rates for female smokers were 19.3% for daily smokers and 23.4% for current smokers in 2002. The overall prevalence declines slightly by 2015 for male daily smokers to 33.5% but increases for female daily smokers to 20.1%. The increase in female smokers is most apparent in the eastern, southern and western parts of Europe.
The determinants of tobacco control in Europe: A research note
Social Science Journal, 2009
A series of Probit regressions are estimated to assess the determinants of tobacco control laws in a cross-section of European countries. Although significance is sparse amongst several of the variables included in the analysis, we do find a tendency for the probability of tobacco control to be higher in lower income non-EU countries, with larger shares of government health care expenditures.