Injection site sarcomas in other species than the domestic cat (original) (raw)
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Feline injection-site sarcoma: Past, present and future perspectives
The Veterinary Journal, 2011
Feline injection-site sarcomas (FISS) have been known since the early 1990s. After an initial correlation with rabies and feline leukaemia virus vaccination, subsequent studies have demonstrated that an abnormal reaction of feline tissues to chronic inflammation was mainly responsible for the disease. The low incidence of FISS in the population is explained by its multifactorial aetiology, since individual genetic characteristics are also implicated. FISS is an infiltrative tumour with low metastatic potential but local recurrence is common. Multimodal treatment (extensive surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy) is recommended. The use of sophisticated imaging techniques can improve diagnosis and help in surgical planning. After the initial enthusiasm in understanding the disease, only few advances have been made in the last few years. New promising therapies may arise from a better knowledge of the molecular pathogenesis of FISS and the successful development of drugs modulating the immune system.
Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 2015
Recently, vaccination of cats has received scientific and public attention linked to the supposition that a range of rare adverse effects can arise following vaccination. in cats, the most serious of these adverse consequences is the occurrence of invasive sarcomas (mostly fibrosarcomas), so-called 'feline injection-site sarcomas' (FiSSs), that can develop within the skin at sites of previous vaccination. despite extensive research on the pathogenesis of these sarcomas, there is no definitive causal relationship that explains their occurrence and the direct link to vaccination. The most accepted hypothesis suggests that a chronic inflammatory reaction at the site of injection provides a trigger for subsequent malignant transformation. Epidemiology and characterisation in 1991, an increased incidence of tumours in cats that developed at injection sites was first reported in the United States. 1 This observation was connected to an increased use of rabies and feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) vaccinations. 2,3 As a consequence, these tumours were first called feline 'vaccine-associated sarcomas'. However, the subsequent finding that other, non-vaccinal injectables can also cause this type of tumour has led to reclassification of these neoplasms as 'feline injection-site sarcomas' (FiSSs). These tumours seem to be unique to cats, 4 although comparable tumours have been reported in ferrets 5 and very occasionally in dogs. 6 FiSSs occur at sites typically used for vaccination and injections, such as the interscapular region (Figure 1), the lateral thoracic or abdominal wall, the lumbar region, and the area of the semimembranosus and semitendinosus muscles. FiSSs are most commonly located in the subcutis, but also can occur intramuscularly. 7,8 FiSSs can occur as early as 4 months and up to 3 years after an injection. They are characterised by invasive local growth in the subcutis, often with spread along fascial planes. 9 Most FiSSs are fibro sarcomas, 10 but other malignancies, such as osteosarcomas, 11 chondrosarcomas, 7
Epidemiological and morphological analysis of feline injection site sarcomas
Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 2015
Feline injection site sarcomas (FISS) are malignant neoplasms of mesenchymal origin which arise in sites of injections in cats. The prevalence is estimated between 1 in 1000 and 1 in 10 000 vaccinations in the United Kingdom. The aim of this study was to estimate the incidence of FISS in Poland and to analyse clinical aspects and histological and cytological features of injection site sarcomas. In our study the prevalence of FISS was 0.16% (16 FISS on 10.000 of cats) in feline patients in one of a veterinary surgery which conducts the general practice and 85 on 10.000 cats in a practice focused on veterinary oncology. The most typical microscopic features of FISS found in the present analysis were: the presence of perilesional scarring and inflammation, aggregates of lymphocytes at the tumour periphery, moderate but usually marked cellular pleomorphism and intralesional necrosis. The most typical cytologic features of FISS found in present study were: the presence of neutrophils, ma...
Feline injection-site sarcoma: ABCD guidelines on prevention and management
Journal of feline medicine and surgery, 2015
In cats, the most serious of adverse effects following vaccination is the occurrence of invasive sarcomas (mostly fibrosarcomas): so-called 'feline injection-site sarcomas' (FISSs). These develop at sites of previous vaccination or injection. They have characteristics that are distinct from those of fibrosarcomas in other areas and behave more aggressively. The rate of metastasis ranges from 10-28%. The pathogenesis of these sarcomas is not yet definitively explained. However, chronic inflammatory reactions are considered the trigger for subsequent malignant transformation. Injections of long-acting drugs (such as glucocorticoids, and others) have been associated with sarcoma formation. Adjuvanted vaccines induce intense local inflammation and seem therefore to be particularly linked to the development of FISS. The risk is lower for modified-live and recombinant vaccines, but no vaccine is risk-free. Aggressive, radical excision is required to avoid tumour recurrence. The pr...
Feline injection site sarcoma: immunohistochemical characteristics
Journal of feline medicine and surgery, 2018
Objectives Feline injection site sarcoma (FISS) is a rapid growing locally aggressive tumor with a low metastatic rate. Its histologic features are clearly defined, but there are few studies regarding its immunohistochemical characteristics. The present study investigated the immunohistochemical characteristics of 21 cases of FISS. Methods FISSs from 12 male and nine female cats, 20 mixed-breed and one Siamese, were included in the study. After histopathological diagnosis, additional histologic sections were immunostained for vimentin, cytokeratin, desmin, S100 protein, viral feline leukemia virus (FeLV) particles, cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) and c-KIT. Positive and negative controls were adopted accordingly. Immunostainings were classified as positive and/or negative according to the number of positive cells from a total of 1000 cells per tumor section. Results Histopathologic diagnosis of the tumors revealed 18 (85.7%) fibrosarcomas and three (14.3%) other sarcomas; four fibrosarcoma...
Analysis of prognostic factors associated with injection-site sarcomas in cats: 57 cases (2001–2007)
Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 2008
Objective—To identify prognostic factors in cats with injection-site sarcomas (ISSs). Design—Retrospective case series. Animals—57 cats with ISSs. Procedures—Medical records of cats were reviewed with regard to sex, age, anatomic site of tumor, tumor size, histologic grade, excision of a primary tumor versus excision of a recurrent ISS, use of excision alone versus excision plus adjuvant therapy, local tumor recurrence, and development of distant metastasis to predict overall survival time (ie, time from tumor excision to death). Results—In univariate analyses, local recurrence and development of distant metastasis were significantly associated with survival time in cats. On multivariate analysis, development of distant metastasis remained a significant prognostic factor. Histologic grade was associated with distant metastasis, with cats having grade 3 tumors being significantly more likely to develop metastasis than cats with grade 1 and 2 tumors. Factors associated with local recu...
Current knowledge on feline injection-site sarcoma treatment
Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica
Feline injection-site sarcomas (FISS) are malignant skin tumours of mesenchymal origin, the treatment of which is a challenge for veterinary surgeons. The role of surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy in FISS treatment has been studied, and a correlation between "clean" surgical margins and disease-free survival has been shown. In addition, clean surgical margins are one of the most important factors for achieving a low recurrence rate. The most effective method of FISS treatment includes combining radical surgery with pre-or postoperative radiotherapy. Chemotherapy may be used as a palliative method of treatment or may be considered an adjunctive therapy for surgery and radiotherapy. In cats with FISS without metastasis, the use of immunostimulant treatment with Oncept IL-2, intended as a complementary immunotherapy in association with surgery and brachytherapy, may also be considered to reduce the risk of relapse and increase the time to relapse. Additionally, this review focuses on recent advances in FISS treatment, including the use of novel compounds, such as doxorubicin conjugated to glutathione-stabilized gold nanoparticles, liposomal doxorubicin or tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 2011
Objective—To evaluate outcomes of radical excision of feline injection-site sarcomas (ISS) via assessment of local recurrence and metastasis rates, survival times, and complications associated with surgery. Design—Retrospective case series. Animals—91 cats with ISS. Procedures—Medical records of cats that had radical excision of ISS without adjunctive treatment were reviewed. Information extracted included sex, type of surgical procedure, histologic tumor grade, tumor diameter, time from tumor detection to definitive surgery, complications associated with surgery, whether tumors recurred locally or metastasized, and survival times. Diagnosis of ISS was histologically confirmed, and additional follow-up was performed. Results—Overall median survival time was 901 days. Thirteen of 91 (14%) cats had local tumor recurrence; 18 (20%) cats had evidence of metastasis after surgery. Median survival time of cats with and without recurrence was 499 and 1,461 days, respectively. Median surviva...