Estimation of Exhaust and Non-Exhaust Particulate Matter Emissions’ Share from On-Road Vehicles in Addis Ababa City (original) (raw)

Particulate matter from road traffic in Africa

2017

In general, much of the air pollution that has adverse impacts on human health and the environment today is the result of anthropogenic activities. Road traffic has led to increase in many air pollutants to levels around the world. It is considered as one of an important source of particulate matter in Africa. Information on PM concentrations and impacts on human health in most African countries are poorly documented, lack of air monitoring network and insufficient number of air quality related researchers may be the reason for the lack of such studies. A few studies realized in African cities indicate an increasing number of exceedances of WHO guidelines for health related to road traffic. The transport sector has been expanding rapidly. Generally, car fleets are older and poorly maintained, high number of diesel-powered vehicles and all vehicles use low quality fuels with high lead and Sulphur, which add to traffic-related air pollution. The objective of this overview aims at desc...

Used Vehicles Survival Rates and Their Impacts on Urban Air Quality of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

The longevity of imported used vehicle determines urban outdoor air pollution and affects government's regulatory policy measures to balance the benefit of used vehicle usage and its negative externalities. This paper estimates the life expectancy of vehicles in Ethiopia for a maximum of 30 years. The study used four different models to determine the total vehicle stock, survival rate and scrap rate of vehicles at different age and the total emission respectively. The models support different estimation, where there is difficulty to find actual data related to scrap vehicles. The total emission calculation serves policy makers to make a learned and informed decision that improves urban air quality.

Emissions from the Road Traffic of West Africa’s Cities: Assessment of Vehicle Fleet and Fuel Consumption

2018

Traffic source emissions inventories for the rapidly growing West African urban cities are necessary for better local characterization of vehicle emissions released into these cities atmosphere. This study based on local field campaign in a representative site of anthropogenic activities over West African cities such as Yopougon (Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire) during 2016, provided useful information on vehicle type and age, traveling time, fuel type and amount for fuel consumption estimation. Also, high traffic flow of personal car were recorded on highway, boulevard and backstreet whereas high flows of intra-communal sedan taxi are recorded on main and secondary roads. In addition, the highest daily fuel consumption value of 56 L.day-1 was recorded in heavy vehicle while the lowest value of 15 L.day-1 is recorded for personal car using gasoline. This study will be useful for the improvement of uncertainties related to the different databases used to estimate inventories emissions either national or international reports. This work provides useful information for future studies on urban air quality, climate and health impacts assessment in African cities. It may also be useful for policy makers to support implementation of emission reduction policy in West African cities.

Automotive related exposure to particulate air pollution in developing countries cities

2015

© 2015, Pakistan Agricultural Scientists Forum. All rights reserved. Poor urban air quality in developing countriesis a growing public health challenge due to rises in population, industries, urbanization and vehiclesalong with insufficient air quality management. Among the range of air pollutants exposure to particulate matter (PM) is of greatest concern due to its association with chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases. The present study reports traffic related exposure to PM by the roads in Lahore, Pakistan. The measurements of mass and number of PM were carried out by GRIMM analysers (Model 1.108 and Model 1.101) and condensation particle counter (TSI 3781). The heavy metals concentration in PM was determined by Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (Unicam atomic absorption, Cambridge, UK).The mean hourly average concentration of PM 10 , PM 2.5 , PM 1 and PM 10 – 2.5 at the road siteswas higher during weekdays(305 μg/m3, 84 μg/m3, 61 μg/m3 and 222 μg/m3, respecti...

Characterization of Particulate Matter Collected at Mysore City Roadways in Association with Urban Traffic Condition

Archives of Current Research International, 2017

Aim: To identify the source of particulate matter (PM) emissions in Mysore urban city roadways by characterizing PM of different aerodynamic diameters (PM 2.5 and PM 10) using various advanced techniques and finding their correlation with site traffic condition. Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted in urban area of Mysore city, Karnataka, India, from 2014 to 2017. Methodology: Emissions of PM 2.5 and PM 10 were estimated using mathematical model incorporating number of vehicles and their emission factors. The elemental composition, image interpretation, and size distribution of particles were analyzed comprehensively using energy 2 dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and dynamic light scattering (DLS) methods, respectively. Results: PM concentrations were found 2-4 times higher in commercial areas compared to industrial and residential areas, and are considerably correlated (p<0.05) with vehicle traffic and atmospheric temperature. Emissions of PM 2.5 and PM 10 estimated numerically from road traffic data are significantly correlated (p<0.005 and p<0.0005, respectively) with PM concentrations measured experimentally. DLS and SEM image interpretation showed that about 90% of near-roadway particles were in the size of fine particles (PM 2.5) and 74% of them have circularity values above 0.75. EDX analysis found that roadside PM are carbon-rich particles containing 56% black carbon and trace amount of soil-derived particles, sea salts and metal-containing particles. Conclusion: Experimental particle characterization by advanced laboratory analyses and numerical estimation of PM emission using model from road traffic survey both confirmed that fossil-fueled vehicles are the main source of PM emissions in urban area.

Particulate Matter from Motor Vehicles in Nairobi Road Junctions Kenya

Motor air pollution has become a problematic issue both within as it contributes to environmental degradation. It is evident that air crises in cities continue to rise partly because of the increasing levels of motor vehicle emissions. With the expansion of the economic base, cities such as Nairobi also expand paving the way for an increase in motor vehicle ownership and use, which lead to higher rates of pollution. Given that exposure to pollutants is harmful to human health, the traffic police are vulnerable because members are constantly uncovered to motor vehicle fumes. The survey interviewed a purposive and non-random stratified sample of 127 police officers, according to their seniority, years of employment and work experience, from the target population of traffic police working in major road junctions within the CBD, Nairobi Kenya. The sampled junctions were Kamukunji, Railways terminal, University way and Uhuru roundabouts. In addition, from the leadership rank, five (5) key informants were also interviewed. Data was collected using self-administered questionnaires. Discussions were held with the key informers. The findings show that there are that the high concentrations of PM2.5 in Nairobi major roundabouts is attributed to vehicular traffic congestion and worsened with poorly maintained and old vehicles. The significantly high values obtained compared to World Health Organization 24 hr guideline of 25 µg m−3 (2000) creates a severe health issues to regular pedestrians and workers around those areas. The study exposes that there are association between fine particulates and motor vehicles (r = 0.93), signifying that vehicular emissions is foremost source of fine particles in the atmosphere.

Vehicular particulate emissions in Mysore city

Asian Journal of Environtal Science, 2016

The study has employed a model to estimate vehicular PM2.5 and PM10 emission in urban area by calculating vehicles travel on the city roads including registered vehicles in the city and other vehicles from other cities. Data showed that about half million vehicles travel in Mysore city in 2010, and it increased by 100 thousands in 2013. Two-wheelers dominated the city roads into half of the vehicle population followed by four-wheelers and other vehicle categories. All vehicles emit more than 1.5 tonne particulates per day in 2010 for each PM2.5 and PM10 and it increased by 100 kg for PM2.5 and 70 kg for PM10 after the next three years. Nearly half of vehicular PM2.5 was emitted by heavy diesel vehicles like trucks and buses, while PM10 was generated by all vehicle types with almost the same share. Study revealed that vehicular emissions now become major threats in Mysore city.

Concentration and variation of traffic-related air pollution as measured by carbon monoxide in Hawassa City, Ethiopia

Discover environment, 2024

Air pollution is a pressing problem and causes millions of deaths each year related to its effects on respiratory health worldwide. Despite its significant impact, information on air pollution in many cities, including Hawassa city, remains limited. The aim of this study was to determine the concentrations and variations of traffic-related air pollution, as measured by carbon monoxide, and its relationship with temperature, relative humidity, traffic flow, and road routing in Hawassa City. We monitored carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations in Hawassa city, Ethiopia, for 24 days using realtime monitors with carbon monoxide sensor head. A total of 24 different roads (12 high-traffic congested roads and 12 low-traffic congested roads) were included as monitoring sites. We conducted 1 hour monitoring at each monitoring site in the morning and afternoon to characterize the temporal variations. Accordingly, the average carbon monoxide concentrations varied temporally at different times. In addition, the average carbon monoxide concentrations on paved main roads, traffic light roads and low-traffic flow roads were 4.87 ± 0.6 ppm, 5.38 ± 0.8 ppm and 1.62 ± 0.53 ppm, respectively. The study also identified factors that correlated positively with carbon monoxide concentration, including temperature, relative humidity, traffic flow and road routing. The study concludes that long-term monitoring of carbon monoxide concentrations is necessary to fully characterize the health effects. The study also provides valuable insights for urban planners when implementing measures to mitigate the negative effects.

Road Traffic Emission Inventory in an Urban Zone of West Africa: Case of Yopougon City (Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire)

Energies, 2021

Road traffic emission inventories based on bottom-up methodology, are calculated for each road segment from fuel consumption and traffic volume data obtained during field measurements in Yopougon. High emissions of black carbon (BC) from vehicles are observed at major road intersections, in areas surrounding industrial zones and on highways. Highest emission values from road traffic are observed for carbon monoxide (CO) (14.8 t/d) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) (7.9 t/d), usually considered as the major traffic pollution tracers. Furthermore, peak values of CO emissions due to personal cars (PCs) are mainly linked to the old age of the vehicle fleet with high emission factors. The highest emitting type of vehicle for BC on the highway is PC (70.2%), followed by inter-communal taxis (TAs) (13.1%), heavy vehicles (HVs) (9.8%), minibuses (GBs) (6.4%) and intra-communal taxis (WRs) (0.4%). While for organic carbon (OC) emissions on the main roads, PCs represent 46.7%, followed by 20.3% for W...