Participatory investigations of bovine trypanosomiasis in Tana River District, Kenya (original) (raw)
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Participatory research on bovine trypanosomosis in Orma cattle, Tana River District, Kenya
Preliminary findings of best-bet …, 2000
Recent experiences with community-based tsetse control in Africa have indicated that greater community involvement in project design might help to avoid inappropriate and nonsustainable interventions. Specifically, the high level of collective and sustained action that is often expected of communities in tsetse control projects needs to be compared with the methods that people are already using to control trypanosomosis. This comparison of options is particularly relevant when private, individual action to control the disease is wellestablished and widespread. The original research proposal formulated by KETRI for Tana River District was prompted by the development of a Technology Transfer Fund by KETRI-DFID. The proposal aimed to reduce tsetse and trypanosomosis using community-based tsetse trapping. Activities included initial entomological and epidemiological surveys followed by 'community capacitybuilding' during which 'the community will be shown how to make traps using locally available materials and also how to set the traps and empty the cages'. It was expected that 'the community will adopt the control methods after the training and start using them'. Therefore, the proposal reflected a predetermined solution to the problem of bovine trypanosomosis in the study areas. This report describes small-scale participatory research on bovine trypanosomosis with Orma pastoralist communities in Tana River District. The research aimed to combine the perspectives of researchers and livestock keepers to identify 'best bet' interventions to improve disease control. Rather than collecting large quantities of technical data on tsetse and trypanosomosis, the participatory research methodology was intended to initiate a partnership between researchers and communities that would lead to action, and in turn, further learning and refinement of project activities. The research was also an opportunity for KETRI to learn more about participatory approaches and methods.
ARC Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences
A cross sectional study was conducted from October 2015 to April, 2016 to determine post control prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis and density of tsetse and other biting flies and to assess the livestock farmers' perception about the impact of integrated tsetse control interventions implemented by Southern Rrift Valley Tsetse Eradication Project (STEP) in three selected kebeles of Arbaminchzuriaworeda, GamoGofa Zone, in South Nation Nationalities and People Regional state (SNNPR). Entomological, parasitological and questionnaire surveys were carried out in the study area covered by STEP. Both primary and secondary data were used. Structured questionnaire was administered by face to face discussion to 216 randomly selected households to assess the perception of livestock keepers towards the impact of trypanosomosis and its vector control interventions. For parasitological survey, blood samples were collected from 360 randomly sampled cattle and screened by Buffy coat technique for detection of trypanosomes. Giemsa stained thin smear technique was applied on the positive samples for trypanosome species identification. A total of 15 baited monopyramidal NGU traps were deployed for 72 hours to catch flies. The present questionnaire survey has revealed that the livestock keepers in the study area had a good knowledge about the suggestive signs of trypanosomosis and means of transmission and also on the impact of the disease on the agricultural and livestock production and on the livelihood and wellbeing of themselves. The majority of the respondents agreed that the tsetse and trypanosomosis control interventions have reduced the tsetse density and the prevalence of trypanosome infection to a low level. In the present study, out of the 360 examined animals, 6 (1.7%) animals were found positive. The trypanosome species detected were T. congolense (83.3%) and T. vivax (16.7%). No significant association was seen between the prevalence of trypanosome infection and the host factors (age, sex, body condition score), kebele of study and altitude (p>0.05). Regarding entomological survey, a total of 121 tsetse flies and 188 other biting flies (tabanus and Stomoxys) were caught. All of the tsetse flies were identified to be Glossinapallidipes. The overall apparent tsetse flies density in study area was 2.7 flies/trap/day. A considerable reduction in tsetse density and prevalence of trypanosome infection was noted when the present entomological and parasitological survey result was compared to that of the 2010 study on the same study area, In general, the present study has revealed a good correlation between the parasitological, entomological and questionnaire survey findings all of which reflect the actual situation on the ground that there is reduction in tsetse flies density and trypanosomosis prevalence as a result of integrated intervention implemented by STEP.
Infectious diseases of poverty, 2017
Uganda has suffered from a series of epidemics of Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT), a tsetse transmitted disease, also known as sleeping sickness. The area affected by acute Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense HAT (rHAT) has been expanding, driven by importation of infected cattle into regions previously free of the disease. These regions are also affected by African Animal Trypanosomiasis (AAT) demanding a strategy for integrated disease control. In 2008, the Public Private Partnership, Stamp Out Sleeping Sickness (SOS) administered a single dose of try p anocide to 31 486 head of cattle in 29 parishes in Dokolo and Kaberamaido districts. This study examines the impact of this intervention on the prevalence of rHAT and AAT trypanosomes in cattle from villages that had (HAT(+ve)) or had not (HAT(-ve)) experienced a recent case of rHAT. Cattle herds from 20 villages were sampled and screened by PCR, pre-intervention and 6-months post-intervention, for the presence or absence of: Tr...
Ethiopian Veterinary Journal
A cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2013 to February 2014 to estimate the prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis and identify species of trypanosomes infecting cattle. Besides, attempt was made to assess the knowledge and practice of the livestock owners in Assosa district of Benishangul Gumuz Regional State, Ethiopia. A total of 310 blood samples were collected from randomly selected cattle. Packed cell volume (PCV) was measured and samples were examined for the presence of trypanosomes using the buffy coat technique. In this study bovine trypanosomes were detected in 22.9% of the blood samples. The most common trypanosome species identified were T. congolense 13.2% (41/310) followed by T. brucei 3.2% (10/310), T. vivax 2.9% (9/310), mixed infections of T. vivax and T. congolense 1.6% (5/310), T. congolense and T. brucei 1.29% (4/310) and T. brucei and T. vivax 0.64 (2/310). There were no statistically significant prevalence differences (p > 0.05) between sexes, ages category and management systems. However, prevalence difference was noted between poor and good body condition categories (p < 0.05). Animals with poor body condition were found 2.11 times more likely of getting trypanosome infection (OR=2.11, 95% CI, p=0.027) than animals in good body condition. The mean PCV values recorded were 23.3% in parasitaemic and 25.1% in aparasitaemic animals with a statistically significant difference (p<0.05). A questionnaire survey was conducted for the assessment of knowledge of farmers on control and prevention of bovine trypanosomosis provided important information on farmer's knowledge of bovine trypanosomosis and practices in control and prevention measures. In this study few livestock owners know the vector (tsetse) association with the disease. In conclusion, this study confirmed that trypanosomes are still a threat to cattle in the study area. Therefore, it is 65
Veterinary Parasitology, 2008
In an on-farm trial conducted amongst the Maasai pastoralists in Nkuruman and Nkineji areas of Kenya between April 2004 and August 2005 designed to evaluate the effectiveness of a synthetic tsetse repellent technology, we assessed the relationship between tsetse challenge and trypanosomosis incidence in cattle. Six villages were used in each area. Each of these villages had a sentinel cattle herd that was screened for trypanosomosis on monthly basis using buffy coat technique. Animals found infected at each sampling were treated with diminazene aceturate at 7 mg kg À1 body weight. Treatments administered by the owners over the sampling intervals were recorded as well. Tsetse flies were trapped at the time of sampling using baited stationary traps and apparent tsetse density estimated as flies per trap per day (FTD). A fixed proportion (10%) of the flies was dissected and their infection status determined through microscopy. Blood meals were also collected from some of the flies and their sources identified using enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Tsetse challenge was obtained as a product of tsetse density, trypanosome prevalence and the proportion of blood meals obtained from cattle. This variable was transformed using logarithmic function and fitted as an independent factor in a Poisson model that had trypanosomosis incidence in the sentinel cattle as the outcome of interest. The mean trypanosomosis incidence in the sentinel group of cattle was 7.2 and 10.2% in Nkuruman and Nkineji, respectively. Glossina pallidipes was the most prevalent tsetse species in Nkuruman while G. swynnertoni was prevalent in Nkineji. The proportions of tsetse that had mature infections in the respective areas were 0.6 and 4.2%. Most tsetse (28%) sampled in Nkuruman had blood meals from warthogs while most of those sampled in Nkineji (30%) had blood meals from cattle. A statistically significant association between tsetse challenge and trypanosomosis incidence was obtained only in Nkuruman when data was pooled and analyzed at the area but not at the village-level. In the later scenario, lagging tsetse challenge by 1 month improved the strength but not the significance of the association. These findings show that when the spatial unit of analysis in observational studies or on-farm trials is small, for instance a village, it may not be possible to demonstrate a statistically significant association between tsetse challenge and trypanosomosis incidence in livestock so as to effectively control for tsetse challenge. #
The study assessed the know ledge, attitude and practices of Fulani cattle herders in relation to the control of African Animal Trypanosomiasis (AAT) in selected areas of Enugu State, Nigeria. I nterview s and adm inistered questionnaires w ere used to collect information on know ledge, control and treatment practices associated w ith AAT and tsetse from 49 cattle herders. Results show ed that all the respondents have know ledge of tsetse and AAT. M ost of them (98.0 %) know that the disease is transmitted by tsetse fly, w hich bites more in the rainy season and in the morning and have higher densities by the river banks. M ajority (87.8 %) treats their animals w ith trypanocides w hen infected and use locally made herbal insecticides to control the flies. The study has established that the respondents have good know ledge of the AAT and tsetse, as important factors in disease control and treatm ent. How ever, the m isuse and unsystem atic use of som e conventional trypanocidal drugs by the herders is reported to be one of the predisposing factors for the developm ent of drug resistance w hich has becom e a menace in the control of the disease. In conclusion, more sensitization among herders on the control and treatm ent of AAT is needed. Researchers need to tap into the know ledge of the use of locally found herbs in the control of tsetse and AAT, and explore and exploit the know ledge gained for the developm ent of insecticides for tsetse and novel drugs for AAT.
Tropical Animal Health and Production, 2000
The prevalence of trypanosomosis, mean packed cell volume and anti-trypanosomal antibody levels in village cattle of di¡erent age groups (50.5 year, 0.5^2 years, 42^5 years and 45 years) in the areas with tsetse control were compared with those of corresponding age groups in areas without tsetse control in Tororo, southeast Uganda. The prevalence of trypanosomosis in cattle in the age groups of 0.5^2 years, 42^5 years and 45 years in the areas with tsetse control was signi¢cantly lower than in cattle in similar age groups in the areas without tsetse control (p50.5). Trypanosoma vivax was the most predominant Trypanosoma species in the areas with tsetse control, while T. congolense was the most predominant species in the areas without tsetse control. The mean Trypanosoma antibody levels in cattle in the age groups 50.5 year, 0.5^2 years and 42^5 years in the areas with tsetse control were signi¢cantly lower than those of the similar age groups in the areas without tsetse control (p50.5). The mean PCV values for cattle in the age groups 0.5^2 years, 42^5 years and 45 years from the areas with tsetse control were signi¢cantly higher than those of the similar age groups in the areas without tsetse control. Tsetse control appeared to have a considerable impact on the prevalence of trypanosomosis, distribution of Trypanosoma species, speci¢c antibody levels and the packed cell volume of cattle in the di¡erent age groups.
Across-section study was conducted in and around Girja Woreda from September 2011 to March, 2012 to determine the economic impact of trypanosome in cattle. Questionnaires based information was used to assess the economic significance and determine factors assessed in relation to economic impact of the disease. Out of 60 villagers asked about the impact of trypanosomosis of cattle. The result revealed that trypanosomosis as a disease of livestock in the area, the most important and the first problems affecting livestock productivity and agricultural activity as per 95% of the respondents. Nearly all respondent explained the direct impact on livestock productivity include reduce meat and milk off take, increase calving rate, increase in calf mortality and increase in cost of live stock management. Indirect impact of trypanosomosis include decrease crop production, decrease traction power, reduces work efficiency of both man and animals. The occurrence of such infection subjected the community to additional expenditure estimated for about 480 Ethiopian Birr per household (US$28.23) on preventive and 320 ETB (US$ 18.2) per house hold on curative drugs. Trypanosomosis is probably the only disease which has profoundly affected the settlement and economic development of a major part of the community in the study area. Therefore, trypanosomosis is the most important problem for agricultural activity and animal production in the areas and the situation is getting worse as the control and prevention of trypanosomosis is facing a challenge due to limitation of vector control activities and the development of drug resistance in the area. These results show the dramatic impacts that trypanosomosis cause a series problems in the area.
Tropical Animal Health and Production
A mixed method survey was conducted among pastoral and agro pastoral communities surrounding Murchison Falls National Park, Uganda to assess knowledge, attitudes and practices about control of bovine trypanosomosis. A total of 96.8% (n = 152) of the participants had seen tsetse flies, and close to 91.7% (n = 116) of the participants had heard about bovine trypanosomosis. Bovine trypanosomosis was reported as a major disease in their area by about 73.9% (n = 116). There was a significant difference (P < 0.05) in the level of awareness and perception about tsetse and bovine trypanosomosis across the study sub counties. The majority of the farmers (60.5%) stated that grazing near national parks was the main cause of bovine trypanosomosis. A small proportion of farmers associated sharing grazing land and watering points with wildlife (19.1%) and grazing cattle in tsetse flyinfested areas (8.3%) as the causes of trypanosomosis. The communities in the study sub counties were aware of at least one or two clinical signs of bovine trypanosomosis. Spraying cattle with insecticide and avoiding grazing animals in tsetse-infested areas were the control practices. Curative trypanocides were mainly used to treat their cattle against trypanosomosis. Bush clearing, targets and traps as tsetse fly control measures were less practiced by the farmers. Treatment of cattle was based on observation of clinical signs due to absence of blood diagnostic facilities. Implementing regular tsetse fly population monitoring surveys and promotion of disease rapid diagnostic tools at farm level as long-term strategies are key for effective control of the disease.