The Effect of Different Levels of Altitutes on Composition and Content of Essential Oils of Ziziphora Clinopodioides in Southern of Turkey (original) (raw)
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Journal of Medicinal Plants and By-products (JMPB), 2015
In several field observation of this research ,the main ecological requirenments and ethnopharmacological data about the traditional uses of Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam. were recorded. The aerial parts of plant were collected in blooming from Bovanloo mountain in September 2013 (1728 m) in North Khorasan Razavi. Essential oil was obtained by hydro-distillation and analyzed by GC-MS. Methanolic extracts were obtained by maceration. Phytochemical assay: TP (total phenol) and TF (total flavonoid) were determined by spectrophotometrically, antioxidant capacity were obtained by TAC, RP and DPPH methods in compare of BHT and BHA antioxidant standard. According to results, Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam. (Kakuti) is the most edible aromatic montainous herb, which wild growing in cold-dry climate (1500-1800 m) in North Khorasan Razavi province, with annual raining 288 mm, annual temperature 13.7 °C in sandy loam soil, with pH= 7.8 and Ec=0.8 dc. The pulegone (46.2%), menthol (10.7%), carvacrol (9.5%), 1,8-cineole (8.37%) , p-menthan-3one (7.5) and piperitenone (5.8%) were the main constituents of plant essential oil. The amount of total phenolic (98.13±5.9 mg GAE 100 g-1 DW) and flavonoid contents (220.9±18.65 mg QE 100g-1 DW), respectively. The highest levels of IC50 (26.5 ± 1.4 µg/ml) were detected in DPPH method against free radical scavenging in density of 5 µg/ml (P< 0.05) to compare of standard antioxidant (BHT and BHA). The essential oil and methanol extract of Ziziphora clinopodioides with high quality content and antioxidant activity can be confirmed the traditional uses of Z.clinopodioides in this provice as antiinflammation, antispasm, expectorant and antiinfection to treat of common cold, flu, fever, diarrhoae, gasterointestinal disorder and stomatchache in tea, yaghurt and doogh.
Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam. is as an important medicinal and aromatic plant belonging to the Lamiaceae family. Ziziphora species are medicinal and aromatic plants that traditionally are used for the treatment of various diseases. In this study, essential oil of wild populations of Z. clinopodioides collected from various natural habitats in the alpine regions, Southwestern Iran was investigated. The hydro-distillated essential oils analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The essential oil yields ranged from 0.12 to 0.98 ml/100 gm dry plants. Results indicated that the main chemical compositions were pulegone (5.19 to 57.85%), limonene (0.26 to 12.79%), 1,8-cineole (0.00 to 27.4%), p-mentha-3-en-8-ol (2.03 to 15.15%), neo-menthol (0.36 to 7.56%), bornyl acetate (0.47 to 9.37%), and piperitenone (0.70 to 9.05%). There were significant differences among the essential oils from Z. clinopodioides populations for yield oil and the major constituents such as pulegone, 1,8-cineole, p-mentha-3-en-8-ol, bornyl acetate, and piperitenone. In conclusion, the main source of variability in chemical composition and oil yield of the studied populations of Z. clinopodioides seemed to be a difference in environmental conditions and chemotypes as plant populations collected from close geographical areas were classified in a cluster.
Natural product communications, 2011
The chemical composition of the essential oils of Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam. from the aerial flowering parts, collected during two different years, were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography - mass spectrometry. Forty-five components representing 100% and 94.7% of the total oil were identified. The main constituents of the essential oils were pulegone (72.8 and 35.0%), neomenthol (6.5 and 23.1%), menthone (6.2 and 13.3%), p-menth-3-en-8-ol (1.7 and 3.5%), piperitenone (2.6 and 1.1%) and piperitone (0.7 and 1.2%). A cluster analysis was carried out on the essential oil compositions of Z. clinopodioides.
Asian Journal of Chemistry, 2013
Ziziphora clinopodioides belongs to the Lamiaceae family, that are widespread all over Iran. The leaves, flowers and stems of the plant are frequently used as wild vegetables or additives in food to offer aroma and flavour. The chemical composition of the essential oils obtained from the aerial parts of Z. clinopodioides Lam. were analyzed by GC and GC-MS and 29 components were identified. The major components were pulegone (41.5 %), piperitenone (18.54 %), carvacrol (5.21 %) menth-2-en-1-ol (4.29 %) and neomenthol (4.16). The essential oils of Ziziphora clinopodioides antibacterial activity were tested against two strains of gram positive bacteria (Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus) and two strains of gram negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia). The average MICs and MBCs of essential oils were tested against the organisms by agar dilution. Eight metal elements in Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam were determined by FAAS. The work conditions and precision of the method were studied. The results showed that there were comparatively rich metal elements, among which comparatively high are calcium, potassium, sodium and magnesium in Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam. It was noted that level of essential elements was high as compared to the level of toxic elements. It provided useful data for discussing the relationship between the content of the metal elements in Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam and clinical application of the traditional medicine.
Pharmaceutical sciences, 2015
Introduction Essential oils could be extracted from different parts like leaves, stems, flowers, roots including bushes and trees through distillation. They are effective on a wide range of Gram-negative and positive bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli O157:H7. 1,2 In recent years, interest in essential oils has been increased for pharmacological studies which claim that the essential oil have beneficial efficacy for the control and inhibition of human and food-borne pathogens and food spoilage microorganism's growth. 3-5 In addition, essential oils are being used in perfumes, cosmetics and for flavoring of foods including meat and meat products and also milk and dairy products. 6 Genus Ziziphora (known as Kakouti Kouhi in Persian) belongs to the family Lamiaceae that is consist of about four species including Z. clinopodioides Lam, Z. capitata L., Z. persica and Z. tenuior L which are spread worldwide especially Iran and Turkey. Among them, Z. clinopodioides as the most common species have been reported from Iran. Generally, the essential and extracts of this plant possess potential activities as antibacterial, anthelmintic, antifungal and antiviral agents. In Iranian folk medicine, the fresh leaves and stem frequently were applied as appetitive, carminative, antiseptic, wound healing material, sedative, stomach tonic, expectorant and antiseptic. Traditionally, this plant has long been used in Iran as spice in different foods such as meat, cheese and doogh to enhance of their flavor and aroma. 7-8 There are various reports about antifungal and antibacterial of essential oil and extract of Z. clinopodioides. Moreover, their chemical composition has been investigated previously and recently. All these studies revealed presence of phenolic constituents including pulegone, 1,8-cineole, thymol, carvacrol, p-cymene and limonene as major compounds that have been reported to possess potential activity against various Gram-negative and positive bacteria. Also, methyl acetate, iso-neomenthol, isomenthone and α-pinene have been reported as the most important constitutes. 7-12 Based on knowledge of author, in comparison to many other pharmaceutical-industrial plants, there is a very little data about chemical composition and antibacterial activity of Z. clinopodioides essential oil collected from Kermanshah province, west of Iran. Hence, the aim of the current study was (i): determination of chemical composition of its hydro-distilled essential oil obtained from Gilan Gharb city, Kermanshah province, west of A B S T R A C T Background: Plants of genus Ziziphora are widely used as carminative, stomach tonic, expectorant and antiseptic in different parts of Iran. The aim of the current study was to determine chemical composition of Ziziphora clinopodioides essential oil and evaluate its antibacterial activity against common food-borne pathogens (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli O157:H7) with broth micro-dilution and agar disk diffusion methods. Methods: The chemical composition of the essential oil was identified using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometer detector (GC-MS). The antibacterial activity of Z. clinopodioides essential oil was evaluated by micro-dilution method in BHI broth medium and agar disk diffusion assay. Results: According to results of GC-MS analysis, carvacrol (64.2%) followed by thymol (19.2%), p-cymene (4.8%) and ɣ-terpinene (4.6%) were the abundant components of the essential oil. The results revealed that the essential oil exhibited strong levels of antibacterial activity against all the tested microorganisms. Regarding the MIC and MBC values, S. typhimurium and E. coli O157:H7 were more resistance to the essential oil than the other bacteria. Conclusion: Our findings indicated that Z. clinopodioides essential oil had a potential to be applied as antimicrobial agent.
Organ dependency variation of the chemical composition of Ziziphus lotus volatile fractions
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), 2021
The extended application fields of the essential oils keep them a subject of interest. In this study, we investigated the aerial part essential oil and the fruit essential oil of the wild plant Ziziphus lotus, collected from the southern region of Tunisia. These essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation using a Clevenger-type apparatus showed an extraction yield of 0.013% and 0.0046% respectively. The qualitative and quantitative analysis of the samples using GC-MS/GC-FID revealed two distinct compositions. Apocarotenoid derivatives characterized the essential oil of the aerial part; the major compound was hexahydrofarnesyl acetone (23.2%) followed by geranylacetone (12.5%) and cis-hexenyl-3-benzoate (11.1%). While the abundance of fatty acid marked the fruit essential oil. The noticed major compounds were 2-pentadecanone (16.9%), dodecanoic acid ethyl ester (14.5%) and n-hexadecanoic acid (13.0%). Such chemical composition may explain the traditional use of Ziziphus lotus as a drug to treat various pathologies.
Essential Oil and Bioactivity of the Ziziphora canescens Benth. Growing Wild in Lebanon
Pharmacognosy Communications, 2015
Introduction: Ziziphora canescens Benth. (Lamiaceae) is a medicinal plant widespread species in Mediterranean countries. This study was designed to evaluate the chemical composition and in vitro antimicrobial activities of this species growing wild in Lebanon. Material and Methods: The essential oil of the dry aerial flowering parts of Z. canescens from the Lebanese side of Mount Hermon (1843 m altitude above sea level) was obtained by hydrodistillation. The GC-MS analysis of the obtained essential oil was performed. The antimicrobial activity of the oil was tested against six certified bacteria and two certified fungi using disc-diffusion method and determination of the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) by agar dilution method. Results and Discussion: The yield of essential oil was 0.6ml/100g dry weight. GC-MS analysis revealed twenty eight components representing 93.0% of the total essential oil. Oxygenated monoterpenes (80.6%) were the predominant fraction of the essential oil with pulegone (39.2%), eucarvone (12.6%), D-menthone (10.3%), 3-cyclohexen-1-one, 2-isopropyl-5-methyl-(9.1%). The oil exhibited a broad-spectrum of antimicrobial activity against the tested pathogenic microorganisms. The yeast Candida albicans and Salmonella enteritidis were the most susceptible with growth inhibition zones of 40.5 ± 0.7 mm and 29.0 ± 0.7 mm, respectively, and MIC values of 5µg/ml. These values were similar to those of pulegone and each the antibiotics Nystatine and Amikacine, respectively whilst, the fungus Trichophyton mentagrophytes was the most resistant. Conclusion: The results of this study support the notion that the essential oil of Z. canescens Benth. may be important as a pharmaceutical and food preservative.
Journal of Food Science and Technology, 2017
The aims of the present study were to investigate chemical compositions, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of Ziziphora clinopodioides essential oils (ZEOs) collected from four provinces in western Iran (Ilam, Lorestan, Kermanshah and Kurdestan). Carvacrol was the most abundant constituent in the flower, stem and leaf oil samples of Ilam, Lorestan and Kermanshah regions by 73.12-74.29%, 66.47-66.89% and 65.11-65.32%, respectively. The most abundant components in Kurdestan sample were thymol (55.32-55.60%), followed by c-terpinene (24.45-24.56%), p-cymene (10.21-10.25%) and a-terpinene (2.75-2.77%). The ZEO inhibited the growth of Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus at MIC values between 0.03 and 0.04%. Kermanshah oil sample had a higher 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging (0.30-0.31 mg/ml), ability to prevent the bleaching of b-carotene (0.09-0.1 mg/ml), ferric reducing power (0.40-0.42 mg/ml) and thiobarbituric acid (0.004-0.006 Meq of malondialdehyde/g) values than that of ZEOs from Ilam, Kurdestan and Lorestan. The strong in vitro antimicrobial and antioxidant activities supports the traditional use of ZEO in the treatments of gastrointestinal diseases.
2019
Study on relationships between a species with its surrounding biotic and abiotic environment provides valuable information in terms of optimum choice for utilization, propagation, breeding and domestication. In other words, ecological study of behavior as essential elements of their ecosystems and habitat characteristics in order to find appropriate solutions to maintain, revise and revitalize this important part of the renewable natural resources. This study was done to discover the correlation of the essential oil yield of Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam. with some environmental factors. The other goal was the ethnobotanical study of the species in different habitats where the plan is growing. The studied areas are located in five natural habitats of Yazd province, Iran. Soil results showed that this species is distributed in rangelands with 7.5-8 pH, 0.633-1.47 EC ds/m. According to 10-year statistics, the average rate of rainfall and annual temperature in these habitats were 175.9-...
Journal of Medicinal Plants and By-products (JMPB), 2021
Because of the special situation of medicinal plants and their natural product on human health, researchers are interested to discover useful constituents. The present research aims to discover the level of variation in oil of Ziziphora clinopodioides subsp. rigida (Boiss) Rech. f. at full flowering stage in Yazd province. All samples were approved in herbarium of Yazd University and dried out in shade and laboratory situation. Then 50 grams of each sample were powdered. In order to extract the oil of each community, the dried materials were subjected by hydro-distillation method (clavenger types). Resulted oils were dried by anhydrous sodium sulfate and kept in tightly closed vials at 4 °C before chemical analyses. The GC-FID and GC-MS analyses identified 29 compounds among which pulegone (18.1-51.4%), piperitenone (10.3-23.3%), and 1,8-Cineole (8.6-15.6%) were the major component in all populations. It is indicated that the present result is similar to the previous study. In addition, Damgahan and Tezerjan had the highest amount of essential oil and pulegone in all studied populations, respectively.