LATE ROMAN FORTRESS KOVACHEVSKO KALE AND THE BULGARIAN LANDS (4th - 6th c. AD) (original) (raw)
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THE FORTRESS OF PETRICH KALE NEAR THE VILLAGE OF RAZDELNA, VARNA REGION (in Bulgarian)
AMV XIII-1, 2019
The name of the fortress was mentioned for the first time in 1153 by the Arab geographer al-Idrissi who described it as a town situated on the road leading from the sea coast to Veliki Preslav. Later, during the 13th and 14th centuries the name of “Petrich” appeared in some Byzantine chronicles and ecclesiastic documents. In the fall of 1444, the fortress founded itself on the way of the Last Crusade and fell into the focus of the Western European and Ottoman authors, who purposefully or casually described the fortification and location of the “Petrich Kale”. The fortress is located in the north-western part of the Avren plateau, on a high sheer cliff above the village of Razdelna, Varna Region. The place is naturally fortified and probably for that reason had been estimated as suitable for settlement since the Thracian and Hellenistic epochs. During the Late Roman period the location of the already existed Tracian settlement above the Devnya Valley with a direct visibility to Marcianopolis and to the plains to the north, made it a strategic point directly related to the defence of the capital of Lower Moesia. Perhaps this was the main reason for the construction of a solid fortification at the 3rd century. Until the end of the 6th century the fortress retained its role of a safe outpost of Byzantium in the region. Since the beginning of the next century, it shared the fate of all the cities and fortresses north of the Hemus Mountains, and was deserted. In the middle of the 9th and in the 10th centuries a new Bulgarian population settled here. The discovery of a lead seal of King Boris-Michael gives reason to assume that officials connected to the capital administration resided here. Particularly important for the further history of Petrich Kale were the 11th and 12th centuries. During this period the settlement grew and turned from a military strategic point into a town, as was described in 1153 by the Arab geographer al-Idrissi. The Western European authors describing the campaign of Vladislav III Jagello in November 1444 also depicted it as a town comparable to Ovech and Shumen. It is these events that put the end to the history of Petrich Kale. After the battle on November the 7th 1444, the fortress was destroyed and its inhabitants gradually withdrew to the more comfortable and fertile lands of the Devnya valley or to the interior of the Avren plateau.
2018
The article is devoted to some issues of fortification of the settlements of one of the main regions that were part of the Bulgarian state, which are the forest-steppe territories located in the left bank of the Volga and Kama rivers. It is here that one of the earliest monuments of the Bulgars, dating from the 10th century, is located. Archaeological studies of the Bulgarian fortified settlements and their defensive structures make it possible to trace the development of fortification in the territory of the Volga Bulgaria for several centuries. Quite "simple" objects of defense of the initial period of the history of the formation of this state are the basis for subsequent more powerful construction, built of wood and earth. Despite the small number of early fortification monuments known to date, we have an idea of the main types of defensive structures of this time. In addition to the fortified settlements themselves, this area was also protected by a "natural fortification", for example, forests that existed in antiquity and were used for defense for several centuries, until the XVII–XVIII centuries.
Archaeological excavations of Balneum in the territory of Late Roman fortress “Kovachevsko Kale”
2019
Олег Александров КАТАЛОГ НА МОНЕТИТЕ (2017 г.) 2. Хонорий Л: DN HONORIUS PF/Бюст с перлена диадема и драпирана дреха надясно Оп: GLORIA ROMANORVM/Двама императори прави, насреща, с обърнати една срещу друга глави, държат по едно копие и щит Нечетлива монетарница, 408-423 г. AE; 14 мм; 2.07 г; (без контекст, ниво 224,00) 3. Валенс/Валентиниан Л: Напълно изтрит надпис/Бюст с перлена диадема и драпирана дреха надясно Оп: GLORIA ROMANORUM/Императорът, движещ се надясно, държащ лабарум в лявата ръка и влачещ пленник с дясната Нечетлива монетарница, 364-367 г. AE; 13 мм; 2.08 г; (без контекст, ниво 224,00) 4. Валентиниан І Л: DN VALEN[TINIANUS PF AVG]/Бюст с перлена диадема и драпирана дреха, надясно Оп: [SECVRITAS] REIPVBLICAE/Виктория наляво, права, държаща венец и палмово клонче В отреза: TESA Тесалоника, 364-367 г. RIC IX 18a/27a type i AE; 17-16 мм; 2.34 г; (без контекст, ниво 223,90) 6. Теодосий І Л: DN THEODOSIVS PF AVG/ Бюст с перлена диадема и драпирана дреха, надясно Оп: SALVS REIPVBLICAE/ Виктория, права, наляво, с трофей над рамо, влачи пленник, в полето вляво В отреза: SMKГ
Societas Classica, Том 10 / Брой 1 , 2019
With the restoration of Bulgarian statehood the various ethnic and religious communities, incl. and Gypsies, become full-fledged Bulgarian subjects. In the announcement, we are addressing only the specific moments outlining the place of the Gypsies in a Bulgarian state in the period from the end of the 19th century to the mid-twentieth century. We fix on the actions of the executive to them as regards of migration processes, nomadism and the territorial settlement of their neighborhoods. We look at the institution of cheribashiata - the proxy who presents the gypsies in front of the municipal administrative authorities as well as the place of the Gypsies in the institutions responsible for external and internal security and public order in Bulgaria
EMERGENCE AND DEVELOPMENT OF OLD BULGARIAN HISTORICAL APOCALYPTICS IN THE 11 TH –12 TH CC. 1
Introduction. The author analyzes the complex (cycle) of historical apocalyptical works compiled in medieval Bulgaria under the Byzantine domination (1018-1186). The cycle includes interpolated Slavonic translations of prophecies about the End of days popular in the Eastern Orthodox world (Revelation by St. Methodius of Patara; apocryphal Visions of prophets Isaiah and Daniel). These works are considered as specific Bulgarian kind of history writing. Methods. The author reveals the methods of interpolating and compiling the above mentioned works and analyzes the contents of the interpolations in three fields – sacral geography, apocalyptic prosopography and historical reminiscences. As a whole, these interpolations allow to judge on the Bulgarian spiritual culture and literature under the Byzantine domination and on the contents of the historical memory preserved among ordinary Bulgarian clergy of the Archbishopric of Ochrid. Analysis. Bulgarian toponyms, names of Bulgarian rulers and reminiscences of their deeds in the mentioned works were defined by the reflections of their authors on Bulgarian history and current military, political and social cataclysms being reconsidered against the background of growing acute apocalyptical expectations. Thus, the historical apocalyptic works apart and the whole cycle were open for further additions and changes as well as to new interpretations of the permanent contents. Conclusion. The cycle of the historical apocalyptic works created in the Bulgarian lands in the 11 th c. in the situation of common for Bulgarians and Greeks apocalyptic expectations and represented the image of common Byzantino-Bulgarian destiny after 1018. By the same time the prophecies on places and actors of the apocalyptic events were reoriented to Bulgarian lands and supplemented with reminiscences of the few events and persons from Bulgarian history known to the compilers of these works.
2018
A study of written and archaeological sources makes it possible to suggest that the Hungarians had a significant impact on the history of the Carpatho-Dniester region in the second half of the 9th-10th century. lt was the location of Atelkuza which the Hungarians populated before the “Conquest of the Homeland”. The presence of Hungarians in the region affected the relationships of the local population with Danube Bulgaria and Kievan Rus. The Hungarians withheld the penetration of Rus to the Carpathians-Dniester region which accounted for the isolation of local antiquities from the Scandinavian influence. Moreover, the Hungarians had an impact in on the development of a prestigious military subculture in the Carpathian-Dniester region and they could have played the role of a politically dominating ethnic class which consolidated the local multi-ethnic society.
A.S. Bashkirov and archaeology of Volga Bulgaria. Arkheologiya Evraziyskikh stepey №1. 2017
2017
The article is devoted to contribution by A. S. Bashkirov in archaeology of Volga Bulgaria and the Golden Horde. In 1919, the scientist conducted a historical and architectural study of the sites of monumental architecture and fortifications of the Bulgar fortified settlement. In 1928 took place an expedition to study the Bulgarian-Tatar culture. A detachment under A. S. Bashkirov was conducted reconnaissance surveys on the Bilyar settlement in his district, and in Juketau and Bulgar. Excavations By A. S. Bashkirova on the biggest Bulgarian archaeological monuments were a continuation of pre-revolutionary studies undertaken OAI associated to Kazan University in the late XIX – early XX centuries. Unfortunately, they have become an episode in the multifaceted activities of the scientist in 1920-30th years and resulted in a long-term program for the study of the Volga Bulgaria towns.
The present article is devoted to the burial complex of Kurgan No. 8 from Kovalyovka Cemetery located in the south of the Volga-Don interfluve, in the basin of the Aksay Yesaulovsky river. In the center of the burial mound surrounded by a circular ditch, archaeologists uncovered an empty grave pit without any skeletal remains or grave goods. In the peripheral part of the burial mound, an interesting Middle Sarmatian female burial was investigated. Grave goods found in this burial include mainly imported things: a pitcher, a red-lacquered platter, a fragment of a mirror pendant, a Roman fibula. They highlight the direction of trade and economic relations of the Volga-Don steppe Sarmatians in the 1st – early 2nd centuries AD. The article hypothesizes that the location of the graves in the middle and in the periphery of the kurgan could be a special ritual typical of high-status burial complexes in the Middle Sarmatian culture and in the initial stage of the Late Sarmatian culture.
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