Comparison of effective dose between tomographic and mathematical phantoms for external exposures to photons (original) (raw)
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Health Physics, 2002
Dose coefficients for intakes of radionuclides published by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) are based on specific absorbed fractions (SAFs), which have been calculated in the mathematical MIRD phantoms. The organs of the mathematical phantoms, defined by geometrical bodies, like circular and elliptical cylinders, ellipsoids, cones, tori, etc., serve as rather simple representations of real human body organs. Tomographic or voxel phantoms are based on digital images recorded from scanning of real persons by computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Compared to the mathematical MIRD phantoms, voxel phantoms are true to nature representations of the human body. The replacement of the MIRD phantoms by voxel phantoms proposed by the ICRP raises the question about the changes to be expected for the SAFs, and consequently also for the dose coefficients. In order to investigate the dosimetric consequences of this replacement, SAFs have been calculated in the recently introduced MAX (Male Adult voXel) and FAXht (Female Adult voXel) head+trunk phantoms for photon energies between 10 keV and 4 MeV. For this purpose the phantoms have been connected to the EGS4 as well as to the MCNP4 code, which at present are probably the most used general-purpose Monte Carlo codes. Thereby it was possible to assess the impact on the SAFs, if different radiation transport methods are used. The mathematical MIRD phantoms have also been connected to the EGS4 code, and their elemental compositions of body tissues were replaced by those used in the voxel phantoms. In this manner it was possible to compare the SAFs of the MIRD phantoms on the one hand and the MAX and FAX phantom on the other hand as a function of the geometrical anatomy only, i.e. the volume, the shape and the position of organs at risk.
Effective dose ratios for tomographic and stylized models from external exposure to photons
Paper …, 2005
The development of new, sophisticated Monte Carlo codes, and of tomographic or voxel-based human phantoms motivated the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) to call for a revision of traditional exposure models, which have been used in the past to calculate organ and tissue as well as effective dose coefficients for stylized MIRD5-type phantoms. This paper reports about calculations made with the recently developed tomographic MAX (Male Adult voXel) and FAX (Female Adult voXel) phantoms, as well as with the gender-specific MIRD5-type phantoms ADAM and EVA, coupled to the EGS4 and to the MCNP4C Monte Carlo code, for external whole-body irradiation with electrons. Effective doses for the tomographic and for the stylized exposure models will be compared separately as function of the replacement of the Monte Carlo code, of human tissue compositions, and of the stylized by the tomographic anatomy. The results indicate that for external exposures to electrons the introduction of voxel-based exposure models causes changes of the effective dose between +40% and-60% depending on the energies and geometries considered compared to corresponding data of the MIRD5-type phantoms.
Physics in Medicine and Biology, 2004
The International Commission on Radiological Protection intends to revise the organ and tissue equivalent dose conversion coefficients published in various reports. For this purpose the mathematical human medical internal radiation dose (MIRD) phantoms, actually in use, have to be replaced by recently developed voxel-based phantoms. This study investigates the dosimetric consequences, especially with respect to the effective male dose, if
Physics in Medicine and Biology, 2003
The MAX (Male Adult voXel) phantom has been developed from existing segmented images of a male adult body, in order to achieve a representation as close as possible to the anatomical properties of the reference adult male specified by the ICRP. The study describes the adjustments of the soft-tissue organ masses, a new dosimetric model for the skin, a new model for skeletal dosimetry and a computational exposure model based on coupling the MAX phantom with the EGS4 Monte Carlo code. Conversion coefficients between equivalent dose to the red bone marrow as well as effective MAX dose and air-kerma free in air for external photon irradiation from the front and from the back, respectively, are presented and compared with similar data from other human phantoms.
Patient exposure from radiological examinations is usually quantified in terms of average absorbed dose or equivalent dose to certain radiosensitive organs of the human body. As these quantities cannot be measured in vivo, it is common practice to use physical or computational exposure models, which simulate the exposure to the patient in order to determine not only the quantities of interest (absorbed or equivalent dose), but also at the same time measurable quantities for the exposure conditions given. The ratio between a quantity of interest and a measurable quantity is called a conversion coefficient (CC), which is a function of the source and field parameters (tube voltage, filtration, field size, field position, focus-to-skin distance, etc.), the anatomical properties of the phantom, the elemental composition of relevant body tissues, and the radiation transport method applied. As the effective dose represents a sum over 23 risk-weighted organ and tissue equivalent doses, its determination practically implies the measurement or calculation of a complete distribution of equivalent doses throughout the human body. This task can be resolved most efficiently by means of computational exposure models, which consist of a virtual representation of the human body, also called phantom, connected to a Monte Carlo radiation transport computer code. The recently introduced MAX (Male Adult voXel) and FAXht (Female Adult voXel) head+trunk phantoms have been chosen for this task. With respect to their anatomical properties these phantoms correspond fairly well to the data recommended by the ICRP for the Reference Adult Male and Female.
Health physics, 2017
Reference phantoms are widely applied to evaluate the radiation dose for external exposure. However, the frequently used reference phantoms are based on Caucasians. Dose estimation for Asians using a Caucasian phantom can result in significant errors. This study recruited 40 volunteers whose body sizes are close to the average Taiwanese population. Magnetic resonance imaging was performed to obtain the organ volume for construction of the Taiwanese reference man (TRM) and Taiwanese reference woman (TRW). The dose conversion coefficients (DCC) resulting from photo beams in anterior-posterior, posterior-anterior, right-lateral, left-lateral, and isotropic irradiation geometries were estimated. In the anterior-posterior geometry, the mean DCC differences among organs between the TRM and ORNL phantom at 0.1, 1, and 10 MeV were 7.3%, 5.8%, and 5.2%, respectively. For the TRW, the mean differences from the ORNL phantom at the three energies were 10.6%, 7.4%, and 8.3%. The DCCs of the Taiw...
Physics in Medicine and Biology, 2005
For the last two decades, the organ and tissue equivalent dose as well as effective dose conversion coefficients recommended by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) have been determined with exposure models based on stylized MIRD5-type phantoms representing the human body with its radiosensitive organs and tissues according to the ICRP Reference Man released in Publication No. 23, on Monte Carlo codes sometimes simulating rather simplified radiation physics and on tissue compositions from different sources. Meanwhile the International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements (ICRU) has published reference data for human tissue compositions in Publication No. 44, and the ICRP has released a new report on anatomical reference data in Publication No. 89. As a consequence many of the components of the traditional stylized exposure models used to determine the effective dose in the past have to be replaced: Monte Carlo codes, human phantoms and tissue compositions. This paper presents results of comprehensive investigations on the dosimetric consequences to be expected from the replacement of the traditional stylized exposure models by the voxelbased exposure models. Calculations have been performed with the EGS4 Monte Carlo code for external and internal exposures to photons and electrons with the stylized, gender-specific MIRD5-type phantoms ADAM and EVA on the one hand and with the recently developed tomographic or voxel-based phantoms MAX and FAX on the other hand for a variety of exposure conditions. Ratios of effective doses for the voxel-based and the stylized exposure models will be presented for external and internal exposures to photons and electrons as a function of the energy and the geometry of the radiation field. The data indicate that for the exposure conditions considered in these investigations the
MAX06 and FAX06: update of two adult human phantoms for radiation protection dosimetry
Physics in Medicine and Biology, 2006
The International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) is currently preparing new recommendations which will replace those released in ICRP 1991, 1990 Recommendations of the ICRP ICRP Publication 60 (Oxford: Pergamon). The draft report previews a change for the effective dose with respect to the number of organs and tissues to be included in its calculation. In the future, adipose tissue, connective tissue, the extrathoracic airways, the gall bladder, the heart wall, the lymphatic nodes, the prostate and the salivary glands have to be taken into account for the determination of the effective dose. This study reports on a second segmentation of the recently introduced male adult voxel (MAX) and female adult voxel (FAX) phantoms with regard to the new organs and tissues, but also presents a revised representation of the skeletons, which had not been adjusted to ICRP-based volumes in the first release of the two phantoms.
Development of the two Korean adult tomographic computational phantoms for organ dosimetry
Medical Physics, 2006
Following the previously developed Korean tomographic phantom, KORMAN, two additional whole-body tomographic phantoms of Korean adult males were developed from magnetic resonance ͑MR͒ and computed tomography ͑CT͒ images, respectively. Two healthy male volunteers, whose body dimensions were fairly representative of the average Korean adult male, were recruited and scanned for phantom development. Contiguous whole body MR images were obtained from one subject exclusive of the arms, while whole-body CT images were acquired from the second individual. A total of 29 organs and tissues and 19 skeletal sites were segmented via image manipulation techniques such as gray-level thresholding, region growing, and manual drawing, in which each of segmented image slice was subsequently reviewed by an experienced radiologist for anatomical accuracy. The resulting phantoms, the MR-based KTMAN-1 ͑Korean Typical MAN-1͒ and the CT-based KTMAN-2 ͑Korean Typical MAN-2͒, consist of 300ϫ 150ϫ 344 voxels with a voxel resolution of 2 ϫ 2 ϫ 5 mm 3 for both phantoms. Masses of segmented organs and tissues were calculated as the product of a nominal reference density, the prevoxel volume, and the cumulative number of voxels defining each organs or tissue. These organs masses were then compared with those of both the Asian and the ICRP reference adult male. Organ masses within both KTMAN-1 and KTMAN-2 showed differences within 40% of Asian and ICRP reference values, with the exception of the skin, gall bladder, and pancreas which displayed larger differences. The resulting three-dimensional binary file was ported to the Monte Carlo code MCNPX2.4 to calculate organ doses following external irradiation for illustrative purposes. Colon, lung, liver, and stomach absorbed doses, as well as the effective dose, for idealized photon irradiation geometries ͑anteriorposterior and right lateral͒ were determined, and then compared with data from two other tomographic phantoms ͑Asian and Caucasian͒, and stylized ORNL phantom. The armless KTMAN-1 can be applied to dosimetry for computed tomography or lateral x-ray examination, while the whole body KTMAN-2 can be used for radiation protection dosimetry.