Genotoxic and cytotoxic action potential of Terminalia citrina, a medicinal plant of ethnopharmacological significance (original) (raw)
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African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines, 2013
Terminalia chebula Retz. has been extensively used in traditional medicine for laxative, carminative, astringent, expectorant, and tonic. The chronic toxicity of water extract has not yet been studied. To evaluate its safety, the water extract from the dried fruits of T. chebula was orally administrated in rats. For acute toxicity, a single oral administration was performed at a dose of 5,000 mg/kg body weight (five females, five males). The study of chronic toxicity was determined by oral feeding both female and male rats (ten females, ten males) daily with the test substance at the dose of 300, 600 and 1,200 mg/kg body weight continuously for 270 days. The results of acute toxicity showed no signs of toxicity such as general behavior changes, mortality, changes on gross appearance or histophatological changes of the internal organs of rats. The examinations of signs of chronic toxicity showed no abnormalities in the test groups as compared to the controls. Hematological and blood chemical values in treated groups were normal in comparison with the control group. Non-toxicity effect of T. chebula was present as no changes in body weight, internal organ weight, and general behaviors. Macroscopic or microscopic of internal organs or tissues in treated rats showed no changes. Therefore, the water extract of T. chebula given orally to female and male rats did not produce both acute and chronic toxicities in rats. Industrial relevance: The use of medicinal plants and preparations derived from them as dietary supplements, nutraceuticals, functional foods and herbal medicinal products has become more widely accepted in developing countries. Therefore, it is important to evaluate the adverse effects of these plants and their preparations. Among them, T. chebula has received high attention because decoction of its fresh and dried fruits is used in traditional medicine for the treatment of several illnesses such as laxative, carminative, expectorant, astringent and tonic. The data of acute and chronic toxicity on T. chebula should be obtained in order to increase the confidence in its safety to human, particularly for use in the development of pharmaceutical products.
International Journal of Applied Research in Natural Products, 2010
Summary : Terminalia chebula Retz. has been extensively used in traditional medicine for laxative, carminative, astringent, expectorant, and tonic. The chronic toxicity of water extract has not yet been studied. To evaluate its safety, the water extract from the dried fruits of T. chebula was orally administrated in rats. For acute toxicity, a single oral administration was performed at a dose of 5,000 mg/kg body weight (five females, five males). The study of chronic toxicity was determined by oral feeding both female and male rats (ten females, ten males) daily with the test substance at the dose of 300, 600 and 1,200 mg/kg body weight continuously for 270 days. The results of acute toxicity showed no signs of toxicity such as general behavior changes, mortality, changes on gross appearance or histophatological changes of the internal organs of rats. The examinations of signs of chronic toxicity showed no abnormalities in the test groups as compared to the controls. Hematological ...
Journal of Acute Disease, 2015
Objective: To evaluate acute and subacute toxicity of methanol extract of Terminalia citrina leaves (family: Combretaceae) in Sprague Dawley rats. Methods: The acute toxicity studies were conducted where the limit test dose of 3 200 mg/kg body weight used. Observations were made and recorded systemically on 1, 2, 4, 24 and 48 h after dose administration for behavior, breathing, cutaneous effects, sensory nervous system response or gastrointestinal effects. For the subacute toxicity, four groups of 10 female rats were received; distilled water (control), 250, 500 and 1 000 mg/kg of extracts respectively every 24 h orally for 28 days. Results: No significant variation in the body and organ weights between the control and the treated group was observed after 28 days of treatment. Haematological analysis and biochemical parameters revealed no toxic effects of the extract. Pathologically, neither gross abnormalities nor histopathological changes were observed. No mortality was recorded in 28 days. Conclusions: It was safer and non toxic to rats even at higher doses and therefore could be well considered for further investigation for its medicinal and therapeutic efficacy.
Journal of Ethnopharmacology
Terminalia argentea Mart. (Combretaceae), known mainly as "capitão", is a native tree, not endemic, that occurs in the Amazon, Caatinga, Cerrado and Atlantic Forest in Brazil. Leaf infusion is popularly mentioned by riverine communities that inhabit the microregion of Northern Araguaia (Mato Grosso, Brazil) for the treatment of gastric ulcer, bronchitis and haemorrhage. Considering the wide medicinal use, lack of studies that evaluate the safety of use and the scarcity of phytochemical studies of T. argentea leaves, this work was carried out with the objective of evaluating the toxicity of the hydroethanolic extract of the leaves of T. argentea Mart. (HETa) in experimental models in vivo and in vitro, as well as to advance the phytochemical analysis of HETa. Materials and methods: HETa was prepared by macerating the leaf powder in hydroethanolic solution. Phytochemical characterisation was carried out by thin-layer chromatography (TLC), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and mass spectrometry through direct flow infusion coupled with electrospray ionization and ion-trap analyzer (DFI-ESI-IT-MS analyses) The contents of phenols, flavonoids and phytosterols were analysed by colorimetric methods. Cytotoxicity was assessed by the Alamar blue assay on Chinese hamster ovary epithelial cells (CHO-K1) and human gastric adenocarcinoma cells (AGS). In vitro genotoxicity of HETa (10, 30 or 100 μg/mL) was assessed by micronucleus (MN) and comet tests using CHO-K1 cells. The acute toxicity assessment was performed by oral administration of HETa in single dose Swiss mice (males and females) up to 2000 mg/kg and sub-chronic toxicity by daily oral administration of HETa (50, 200 and 800 mg/kg) in Wistar rats for 30 days. The parameters related to the clinical and toxicological observations were determined every 6 days and at the end of the treatment the blood was collected for biochemical and haematological analysis, and some organs were removed for macroscopic and histopathological analysis. Results: Preliminary phytochemistry and TLC analysis of HETa revealed the presence of phenolic compounds (18.8%), flavonoids (10.8%), saponins, tannins and phytosterols (19%). The HPLC data revealed the presence of gallic acid, rutin, ellagic acid, catechin, quercetin and kaempferol. In the analysis by DFI-ESI-IT-MS, the presence of gallic acid, rutin, ellagic acid and quercetin was confirmed and identified caffeic acid, quinic acid, galloylmucic acid, quercetin xyloside, quercetin rhamnoside, quercetin glucoside, caffeoyl ellagic acid, quercetin galloyl xyloside, terminalin, quercetin galloyl glucose, corilagin, quercetin digalloyl xyloside, quercetin digalloyl glucoside, punicalin and punicalagin. HETa showed no cytotoxic effect on CHO-K1 and AGS cells. In the MN assay, HETa increased the number of MNs and nuclear buds (NBUDs) in binucleate cells at the three concentrations tested and the nucleoplasmic bridges (NPBs) number at 30 μg/mL. In the comet test, HETa (10 and 100 μg/mL) alone showed a genotoxic effect on CHO-K1 cells. In pre-treatment, HETa at all concentrations tested prevented DNA damage induced by H 2 O 2. In co-treatment with H 2 O 2 , HETa showed genotoxic effects at the
Terminalia bellirica(Gaertn.)Roxb. (Family: Combretaceae) is a well known medicinal plant used in various traditional herbal formulations used to cure several diseases. The dried fruit of Terminalia bellerica has an important place in the traditional Indian system of medicine and forms a major ingredient of several medicaments including ?Triphala-? used as general health tonic in Ayurveda. The current study aims to investigate the cytotoxic effect of bioactive ethyl acetate fraction of T.bellirica fruits (EFTB) on L929 cell line. The toxic changes imposed by varying concentrations of the fraction were evaluated by different techniques including MTT, neutral red and LDH leakage assay. The in vitro toxicity studies showed that EFTB, even at its highest concentration of 100 μg/ml used in the study exhibited only mild level of toxicity in L929 cells. The LD50 values of EFTB in all the cytotoxicity assays were found comparatively higher which points to the non- toxic nature of the plant derived bioactive fraction that can be developed into herbal therapeutic agent after further detailed in vivo toxicity studies.
The Chronic and Acute Toxicity of Traditional Medicines Containing Terminalia chebula
Journal of Pharmacopuncture
Objectives: Terminalia chebula, the main ingredient of Altan Arur 5, has been used for many years in traditional medicine. This medicine is more effective than other drugs and is used to treat chronic gastritis and gastrointestinal disorders such as peptic ulcers and esophageal reflux. Other ingredients of Altan Arur 5 are Punica granatum (pomegranate), tulip seeds, black balm, and excreta of Trogopterus xanthipes. The main ingredients of T. chebula are antibacterial and analgesic in traditional medicine. Despite having been used for many years and although many studies have been conducted on the beneficial effects of this medicine and its ingredients, the toxicity of Altan Arur 5 has not yet been elucidated. Therefore, we aimed to study the toxicity of Altan Arur 5 to ensure that it is safe to use. Methods: Acute and chronic toxicity of Altan Arur 5 were assessed in 10 Kunming mice and 8 Sprague-Dawley rats, respectively, in different doses. In the acute toxicity study, Altan Arur 5 was orally administered to Kunming mice in doses of 12 g/kg, 24 g/kg, and 48 g/kg for 14 days. In the chronic toxicity study, it was orally administered to Sprague-Dawley rats in doses of 1.25 g/kg, 2.5 g/kg, and 5 g/kg for 12 weeks. Results: No significant differences were observed in the relative organ weights for mice treated with Altan Arur 5 compared with those in the control group. Furthermore, no macro-or microstructural changes were noted in the organs of any group. Conclusion: Our toxicity testing revealed that the traditional medicine Altan Arur 5 has no toxic effects in vivo.
Asian Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology
Folklore medicine still occupies a major role in the practice of rural medicine. According to a report published by World Health Organization, out of the total world's population, about 80% still relies on traditional medicine (Saleem et al., 2017). In developing countries like India, 65% of rural communities still uses the traditional form of medicine to fulfill their primary health care need (Vaidya and Devasagayam, 2007). However, in spite of being the lifeline of medical practice in developing countries, the issue of safety evaluation of these herbal medications are not given due importance owing to the general notion that herbal products have minimal side effects (Shankar et al., 2012). However, on the contrary, use of various herbal therapies has been reported to be associated with long-term side effects (Chen et al., 2006). Owing to the growing popularity of herbal products among the modern urban population too, the focus has now turned on elucidating the toxic potential of these herbal products so as to make their use more safe and effective. Terminalia tomentosa (Roxb.) of family Combretaceae, commonly known as or is a shrub widely Asan Ain distributed in the deciduous forest of India, Burma, and other South East Asian countries. Although limited, the reports available on its chemical constituents include polyphenolic compounds like Ellagic acid, Dimethyl ellagic acid, Dimethyl flavellagic acid and beta-sitosterol (Meriga et al. 2017). Presence of 5-Aminovaleric acid, Thymin, Quercetin and Kynurenic acid have also been reported earlier (De Onis,
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2014
Terminaliais a genus of Combretaceous plants widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions. Thus, the aim of this study was to quantify the majority compounds of the hydroalcoholic extract (7 : 3, v/v) of the leaves fromT. catappaby HPLC-PDA, chemically characterize by hyphenated techniques (HPLC-ESI-IT-MSn) and NMR, and evaluate its mutagenic activity by theSalmonella/microsome assay onS. typhimuriumstrains TA98, TA97a, TA100, and TA102. The quantification of analytes was performed using an external calibration standard. Punicalagin is the most abundant polyphenol found in the leaves. The presence of this compound as a mixture of anomers was confirmed using HPLC-PDA and1H and13C NMR. Mutagenic activity was observed in strains TA100 and TA97a. As the extract is a complex mixture of punicalagin, its derivatives, and several other compounds, the observed mutagenicity may be explained in part by possible synergistic interaction between the compounds present in the extract. The...
The Chronic and Acute Toxicity of Traditional Medicines Containing Terminalia chebula
Journal of Pharmacopuncture, 2023
Objectives: Terminalia chebula, the main ingredient of Altan Arur 5, has been used for many years in traditional medicine. This medicine is more effective than other drugs and is used to treat chronic gastritis and gastrointestinal disorders such as peptic ulcers and esophageal reflux. Other ingredients of Altan Arur 5 are Punica granatum (pomegranate), tulip seeds, black balm, and excreta of Trogopterus xanthipes. The main ingredients of T. chebula are antibacterial and analgesic in traditional medicine. Despite having been used for many years and although many studies have been conducted on the beneficial effects of this medicine and its ingredients, the toxicity of Altan Arur 5 has not yet been elucidated. Therefore, we aimed to study the toxicity of Altan Arur 5 to ensure that it is safe to use. Methods: Acute and chronic toxicity of Altan Arur 5 were assessed in 10 Kunming mice and 8 Sprague-Dawley rats, respectively, in different doses. In the acute toxicity study, Altan Arur 5 was orally administered to Kunming mice in doses of 12 g/kg, 24 g/kg, and 48 g/kg for 14 days. In the chronic toxicity study, it was orally administered to Sprague-Dawley rats in doses of 1.25 g/kg, 2.5 g/kg, and 5 g/kg for 12 weeks. Results: No significant differences were observed in the relative organ weights for mice treated with Altan Arur 5 compared with those in the control group. Furthermore, no macro-or microstructural changes were noted in the organs of any group. Conclusion: Our toxicity testing revealed that the traditional medicine Altan Arur 5 has no toxic effects in vivo.
Evaluation of antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of Terminalia citrina Leaves
Objective: To investigate antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of methanol extract and its derived fractions (petroleum ether, carbon tetrachloride, dichloromethane and ethyl acetate) of leaves of Terminalia citrina plant belonging to the Combretaceae family. Methods: The antioxidant potential were evaluated in terms of total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, DPPH radical scavenging potential, ABTS scavenging potential, reducing power assay and total antioxidant capacity by specific standard procedures. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated using disc diffusion method while cytotoxic was evaluated by using brine shrimp lethality bioassay and compared with vincristine sulfate. Results: The methanolic leaf extract exhibited the highest flavonoid content and antioxidant capacity while ethyl acetate fraction exhibited the highest phenolic content, reducing power, DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity. Antioxidant activity was the most notable compared to the positive control and thus could be a potential rich source of natural antioxidant. In case of antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities, the extracts of the leaves does not showed remarkable activities against tested microorganisms and Artemia salina respectively. Conclusions: This study suggests that the leaves of Terminalia citrina possess antioxidant activity.