Young adults who smoke cigarettes and marijuana: analysis of thoughts and behaviors (original) (raw)
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Marijuana and tobacco co-use in young adults: patterns and thoughts about use
Journal of studies on alcohol and drugs, 2013
We examined the frequency and intensity of tobacco use and thoughts about abstinence among young adults in the United States as a function of their use of marijuana. We hypothesized that heavier marijuana use would be associated with heavier tobacco use and fewer attempts to quit smoking, and we explored relationships between marijuana use and ratings of intentions and thoughts related to quitting tobacco. This was a cross-sectional survey consisting of online recruitment and anonymous self-report. Participants were English literate, were between the ages of 18 and 25 years, and reported past-month tobacco use. More than half (53%) had smoked marijuana in the past 30 days. Tobacco use (quantity/frequency, Heavy Smoking Index, past-year quit attempt), thoughts about tobacco use (outcome expectancies, desire, self-efficacy, difficulty of quitting, abstinence goal, pros and cons, stage of change), alcohol use, and other drug use were assessed. Compared with those who smoked only tobacc...
Journal of Substance Abuse, 2000
The present work was undertaken to determine how general beliefs about various substances and substance use behaviors change during adolescence. Secondary analyses were carried out on the telephone interview responses of 1,200 adolescent smokers and nonsmokers between the ages of 12 and 17. The specific beliefs regarding which substances were hardest to stop using and which were the most harmful to one's health by smoking status and age were compared using Chi-squared analyses for univariate comparisons, and polytomous logistic regression for multivariate analyses. Results revealed that the youngest cohort believed that marijuana was the substance most difficult to stop using while the oldest cohort believed that cigarettes were the hardest to stop using. A similar pattern was observed regarding which substance was the most harmful to one's health. While smokers believed that cigarettes were both the hardest to stop using and the most harmful, nonsmokers were divided between cigarettes and marijuana as the hardest to stop using, and indicated that marijuana, rather than cigarettes, were most harmful. Results
Correlates of occasional cigarette and marijuana use
Addictive Behaviors, 1999
This paper examines characteristics that distinguish heavy and occasional cigarette and marijuana use among U.S. high school seniors. High school seniors who completed the 1994 Monitoring the Future survey (N ϭ 15,929) were classified as nonusers, occasional users, and heavy users of cigarettes and marijuana. Level of use was examined with regard to degree of perceived risk of regular use, perceived risk of occasional use as well as several psychosocial factors previously shown to be associated with use (e.g., peer use, close friends' approval of use, and self-esteem). Involvement with other drugs and high-risk behaviors across levels of use was also examined. Heavy users of cigarettes or marijuana reported significantly lower perceived risk of regular use of each substance compared to occasional users. Heavy and occasional users did not generally differ with regard to perceived risk of occasional use. Compared to heavy users, occasional cigarette or marijuana users reported significantly lower rates of illicit drug use, heavy alcohol use, and high-risk driving behaviors as well as fewer problem behaviors and higher grades. Some adolescents may moderate their cigarette and marijuana use to minimize harmful effects they associate with heavier use (i.e., they may be practicing harm reduction). Additional research is needed to better understand controlled substance use, and incorporate this information into prevention and cessation programs.
Tobacco and marijuana use among adolescents and young adults: a systematic review of their co-use
Clinical psychology review, 2012
Tobacco (TOB) and marijuana (MJ) are the most widely used drugs among adolescents and young adults. The literature on their co-use, however, has not been systematically reviewed. We identified 163 English language articles published from 1999-2009 examining TOB and MJ couse, correlates or consequences of co-use, or interventions for prevention or cessation of couse with participants age 13-25 years. Most studies (n = 114, 70%) examined TOB and MJ couse, and 85% of relationships studied indicated a significant association. Fifty-nine studies (36%) examined correlates or consequences of co-use. Factors consistently associated with increased likelihood of co-use, defined as significant associations in at least four studies, were African-American ethnicity, mental and physical health characteristics (e.g., high-intensity pleasure temperament), and school characteristics (e.g., good grades). The only consistent consequence of co-use was exacerbation of mental health symptoms. Few studies examined prevention (n = 3) or cessation (n = 2) interventions for TOB and MJ co-use, and the findings were stronger for prevention efforts. A sufficient literature base has documented that TOB and MJ use are strongly related in young people, yet few consistent correlates and consequences of co-use have been identified to inform intervention targets.
Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 2018
Background-Adolescence is a peak time for uptake of both tobacco and marijuana (dual use). This study aimed to identify clusters of lifetime tobacco and marijuana use patterns and associated risk factors, and to determine whether dual tobacco and marijuana use is uniquely associated with greater risk than use of either tobacco or marijuana alone. Method-High school students participated in a survey during Fall 2014 (N=976; 68% Hispanic; 57% parental education < high school). Items from national youth surveys were used to measure lifetime and current use of tobacco products, marijuana, alcohol, drug use, and other risk behaviors, and literature-based surveys were used to measure psychological constructs. Results-Latent Class Analysis identified three clusters of lifetime tobacco use patterns (no tobacco, one or two products, and more than two products), each with a correspondingly distinct profile of risk behaviors; risk escalated with use of more tobacco products. Multinomial modeling characterized personal, environmental, and behavioral correlates of dual lifetime tobacco and marijuana use, including lower parental monitoring, lower grades, higher guilt, higher lifetime alcohol and drug use, and more substance use by friends, in reference to single lifetime use of either tobacco or marijuana. Conclusion-Broader use of tobacco (i.e., more products) was associated with numerous risk factors. Dual lifetime use of tobacco and marijuana was associated with numerous risks compared to single use of either tobacco or marijuana. Longitudinal work is needed to understand temporal
Interest in marijuana treatment programs among teenage smokers and nonsmokers
Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 2009
Little is known about adolescents' interest in marijuana treatment programs. This question was evaluated by telephone interview in a convenience sample of 575 adolescents responding to advertisements for tobacco research studies. Eighty-one percent of respondents endorsed the need for marijuana treatment programs for adolescents. These adolescents were younger and less likely to smoke tobacco, smoke marijuana, or use alcohol than those not endorsing such a need. Among the 192 marijuana smokers, the 58.8% who endorsed the need for marijuana treatment programs took their first puff of marijuana at a younger age than those who did not endorse the need. Those who were willing to participate in a marijuana treatment program were more likely African American and took their first marijuana puff at a younger age than those not interested in treatment. These findings suggest that most adolescent marijuana smokers endorse the need for and are willing to attend marijuana treatment programs.
Modes of ever marijuana use among adult tobacco users and non-tobacco users—Styles2014
Journal of Substance Use, 2016
Background-Tobacco and marijuana use are related behaviors; therefore, it is important to identify how users consume marijuana, and how it varies with tobacco use status. We estimated the modes of ever marijuana use among current, former, and never adult tobacco users. Methods-Weighted data were analyzed for 4181 adults from 2014 Styles, an online consumer panel survey of US adults, to estimate proportions for modes of ever marijuana use. Differences in modes of ever marijuana use between categories of tobacco use status were assessed (p-value <0.05). Results-More than half of current (56.6%) and former tobacco users (50.9%) had ever used marijuana, whereas only 13.0% of never tobacco users had ever used marijuana. Among ever marijuana users, joint use was the most common mode of use among current (86.4%), former (92.5%), and never (79.8%) tobacco users. Similarly, other modes of marijuana use were significantly higher in current and former tobacco users compared to never tobacco users. Conclusions-Prevalence of all modes of ever marijuana use was higher in current and former tobacco users. These findings underscore the importance of considering the relationship between marijuana and tobacco use when developing programs and policies aimed at preventing and reducing marijuana use.