On De Broglie’s Double-Particle Photon hypothesis (original) (raw)
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On de Broglie's Double-Particle Photon
The General Science Journal, 2021
Establishment of an LC equation and of a local fields equation describing permanently localized photons from the analysis of kinetic energy circulation within the energy structure of the double-particle photon that Louis de Broglie hypothesized in the early 1930's. Among other interesting features, these equations provide a mechanical explanation to the localized photon properties of self-propelling at the speed of light and of self-guiding in straight line when no external interaction tends to deflect its trajectory. This paper summarizes the seminal considerations that led to the establishment of the mechanical conversion processes involving electromagnetic energy and mass from electromagnetic photon emission to nucleon construction from the trispatial geometry perspective.
A New Theory of the Essence and Mass of Photon
Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology
Many properties of a single photon, such as density, rest mass, and orbital angular momentum, are still unknown. In a previous study, the photon was presented as a superfluid prolate spheroid structure, with a long-axis radius, short-axis radius, and volume, embodied with two spins-transversal and longitudinal-which are responsible for the three-dimensional helical trajectory of the electromagnetic wave. In this study, the rest mass, density, and energy of photon are mathematically derived, and the relationship between the radius of photon and its frequency is demonstrated. In addition, the difference between the Compton and de Broglie wavelengths is clarified. The calculated density, volume, and rest mass of photon agree with previous experimental results. The photon's simultaneous longitudinal and transversal spins are moving forces of longitudinal and transversal trajectories, which are the origin of the three-dimensional helix shape of the electromagnetic field. A new mechanism for the photon movement is proposed, and the reason for the zero mass moving photon is revealed; a traveling photon in space exhibits zero mass because its boundaries demonstrate zero relative velocity with the surrounding vacuum. The orbital angular momentum of photon is described using similar macroscopic rotation concepts and applying hydrodynamics laws. A rotating photon is endowed with an angular velocity vector whose magnitude measures the speed with which the radius of the principal axis sweeps an angle, and whose direction indicates the principal axis of rotation and is given by the right-hand rule. The deviation angle is calculated using trigonometric functions, and the origin of the Lorenz factor is revealed.
The substantial model of the photon
Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 411-467, 2017
It is shown that the angular frequency of the photon is nothing else than the averaged angular frequency of revolution of the electron cloud's center during emission and quantum transition between two energy levels in an atom. On assumption that the photon consists of charged particles of the vacuum field (of praons), the substantial model of a photon is constructed. Praons move inside the photon in the same way as they must move in the electromagnetic field of the emitting electron, while internal periodic wave structure is formed inside the photon. The properties of praons, including their mass, charge and speed, are derived in the framework of the theory of infinite nesting of matter. At the same time, praons are part of nucleons and leptons just as nucleons are the basis of neutron stars and the matter of ordinary stars and planets. With the help of the Lorentz transformations, which correlate the laboratory reference frame and the reference frame, co-moving with the praons inside the photon, transformation of the electromagnetic field components is performed. This allows us to calculate the longitudinal magnetic field and magnetic dipole moment of the photon, and to understand the relation between the transverse components of the electric and magnetic fields, connected by a coefficient in the form of the speed of light. The total rest mass of the particles making up the photon is found, it turns out to be inversely proportional to the nuclear charge number of the hydrogen-like atom, which emits the photon. In the presented picture the photon composed of praons moves at a speed less than the speed of light, and it loses the right to be called an elementary particle due to its complex structure.
Proposal for a New Photon's Model
2023
The electrodynamic basis of gravity requires that the explanation of the deflection of a light ray by a gravitational field be based on the extension to the photon of a property of matter, i.e. its content of electric charges, even if globally neutral. In the case of matter, electric charges are recognized in the content of quarks, antiquarks and electrons that make up the atomic nucleus and the electronic shell of an atom. An article of the same author dedicated to the aforementioned theory shows how, by associating also the photon with a pair of charges with a net zero value, but globally proportional to its energy, exactly the measured value is obtained for the light deflected by the solar gravitational field. In this document a definition of the photon's model is given which is coherent and compatible with what has been said and, in our opinion, with the QED. The main assumption on which the model is based is that the splitting phenomenon of a photon into a pair of virtual particles, for example an electron and a positron, also occurs when the photon is in free flight. The gravitational force responsible for the deflection of the light thus acts on the pair of particles in the short time preceding their recombination into the original photon.
A New Theory for the Essence and Structure of the Photon
Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology
A photon is the smallest discrete amount or quantum of electromagnetic radiation, and it is the basic unit of light. It exhibits no shape, "point particle," according to the standard model of particle physics, meaning that a photon interacts as if it is entirely located at a single point in space and does not spread out to fill a three-dimensional volume. In this study, a new theory, in which the photon demonstrates a structure and shape, is proposed based on the perturbed quantum superfluid field (vacuum) in the photon epoch during the first seconds of the Big Bang. Photons are the nonlinear manifestation of Kelvin-Helmholtz instability that induces the formation of elliptical vortices, known as Kida vortices, which are converted to a three-dimensional spheroidal structure that remains unchanged in time and rotates with uniform angular velocity due to Coriolis force. Using hydrodynamics laws and applying them to a superfluid vacuum, the basic properties of the photon are described. Moreover, this study provides mathematical models to calculate the kinetic energy, radius, volume, charge, and particle-wave duality of photon. To confirm the proposed theory, the mathematical formulations are presented. We conclude that the photon shape is accessible to human imagination; knowing this shape helps determine photon properties and sheds light on how matter is made as well as explains the interactions of subatomic particles.
2002
It is shown that the photon, the quantum of electromagnetic field, allows the consideration in the framework of the scheme which in some aspects is typical for the phonon, an excitation of the crystal lattice of a solid. The conclusion is drawn that the photon may be interpreted as an elementary excitation in a fine-grained space. The corollary is in excellent agreement with the space structure and submicroscopic quantum mechanics, which have recently been constructed by the author in a series of works. Key words: photon, phonon, space, quantum theory PACS: 01.55.+b General physics – 03.50.De Classical electromagnetism, Maxwell equations – 11.90.+t Other topics in general theory of fields and particles Louis de Broglie was the first who proposed the detailed wave theory of the photon [1]. In the theory, quanta of light were composite formations: the photon regarded as a couple of Dirac particles with very small masses. De Broglie equations
A long history that unites the photon with the electron
Classical science, still today, is trying to identify the intimate nature of the universe, dividing everything into categories, in particular in the microcosm it divides the so-called "particles" into: A) Massless particles, also called "bosons", such as photons. B) Particles with mass, also called "fermions", like the electron. In this article we will try to make a brief history on the characterization of these two types of "particles", to find what unites the photon to the electron.
In contrast to wave functions in nonrelativistic quantum mechanics interpreted as probability amplitudes, wave functions in relativistic quantum mechanics have generalized meanings such as charge-density amplitudes, energy-density amplitudes as well as particle-number density amplitudes, etc. Applying electromagnetic field intensities we construct a photon wave function, it corresponds to the (1,0)+(0,1) spinor representation of the electromagnetic field, and can be interpreted as the energy-density amplitude of photons outside a source. In terms of photon wave functions we develop photon wave mechanics, which provides us with a new quantum-mechanical description for photons outside a source.
Some Studies on Photon – A Review
Discussion of some works related to photon has been made. Different works selected here contain the study of different characteristics of photon. The properties of photon like charge; mass; spin; angular momentum; interaction between light and matter; that between photon and gravitational field; the wave function and gravitational field of photon have been mainly chosen for discussion. Over and above the aforesaid characteristics of photon the wave particle duality; structure of photon motion; pair production by photon ; photon, graviton and their reactions ; radius of photon orbit due to black holes have also been discussed.
This paper adds some thoughts on relativity theory and geometry to our one-cycle photon model. We basically highlight what we should think of as being relative in this model (energy, wavelength, and the related force/field values), as opposed to what is absolute (the geometry of spacetime and the geometry of the photon). We also expand our photon model somewhat by introducing an electromagnetic vector combining electric and magnetic fields. Finally, we add a discussion on how we can think about photon-electron interactions and polarization.