Diversity of Maize Shoot Apical Meristem Architecture and Its Relationship to Plant Morphology (original) (raw)
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Genetic control of maize shoot apical meristem architecture
G3 (Bethesda, Md.), 2014
The shoot apical meristem contains a pool of undifferentiated stem cells and generates all above-ground organs of the plant. During vegetative growth, cells differentiate from the meristem to initiate leaves while the pool of meristematic cells is preserved; this balance is determined in part by genetic regulatory mechanisms. To assess vegetative meristem growth and genetic control in Zea mays, we investigated its morphology at multiple time points and identified three stages of growth. We measured meristem height, width, plastochron internode length, and associated traits from 86 individuals of the intermated B73 × Mo17 recombinant inbred line population. For meristem height-related traits, the parents exhibited markedly different phenotypes, with B73 being very tall, Mo17 short, and the population distributed between. In the outer cell layer, differences appeared to be related to number of cells rather than cell size. In contrast, B73 and Mo17 were similar in meristem width traits...
Genetic control of morphometric diversity in the maize shoot apical meristem
Nature communications, 2015
The maize shoot apical meristem (SAM) comprises a small pool of stem cells that generate all above-ground organs. Although mutational studies have identified genetic networks regulating SAM function, little is known about SAM morphological variation in natural populations. Here we report the use of high-throughput image processing to capture rich SAM size variation within a diverse maize inbred panel. We demonstrate correlations between seedling SAM size and agronomically important adult traits such as flowering time, stem size and leaf node number. Combining SAM phenotypes with 1.2 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) via genome-wide association study reveals unexpected SAM morphology candidate genes. Analyses of candidate genes implicated in hormone transport, cell division and cell size confirm correlations between SAM morphology and trait-associated SNP alleles. Our data illustrate that the microscopic seedling SAM is predictive of adult phenotypes and that SAM morphom...
A floret by any other name: control of meristem identity in maize
Trends in Plant Science, 2000
G rasses, like all higher plants, develop by the elaboration of meristems, populations of undifferentiated 'stem cells', which give rise to all the organs of the plant. The shoot apical meristem (SAM) is the ultimate source for all aerial structures of the plant, including flowers. The identity of a meristem is defined by the types of structures it produces. In maize, the meristems undergo several distinct transitions in identity during the life of the plant 1 . A major transition occurs when the vegetative meristem ceases leaf production and is converted to an inflorescence meristem. The inflorescence meristem then produces intermediate meristems that give rise to floral meristems. Finally, floral meristems give rise to the organs of the flower.
Modeling the Morphometric Evolution of the Maize Shoot Apical Meristem
Frontiers in plant science, 2016
The maize (Zea mays subsp. mays L.) shoot apical meristem (SAM) is a self-replenishing pool of stem cells that produces all above-ground plant tissues. Improvements in image acquisition and processing techniques have allowed high-throughput, quantitative genetic analyses of SAM morphology. As with other large-scale phenotyping efforts, meaningful descriptions of genetic architecture depend on the collection of relevant measures. In this study, we tested two quantitative image processing methods to describe SAM morphology within the genus Zea, represented by 33 wild relatives of maize and 841 lines from a domesticated maize by wild teosinte progenitor (MxT) backcross population, along with previously reported data from several hundred diverse maize inbred lines. Approximating the MxT SAM as a paraboloid derived eight parabolic estimators of SAM morphology that identified highly overlapping quantitative trait loci (QTL) on eight chromosomes, which implicated previously identified SAM ...
The Plant cell, 2006
Genetic control of grass inflorescence architecture is critical given that cereal seeds provide most of the world's food. Seeds are borne on axillary branches, which arise from groups of stem cells in axils of leaves and whose branching patterns dictate most of the variation in plant form. Normal maize (Zea mays) ears are unbranched, and tassels have long branches only at their base. The ramosa2 (ra2) mutant of maize has increased branching with short branches replaced by long, indeterminate ones. ra2 was cloned by chromosome walking and shown to encode a LATERAL ORGAN BOUNDARY domain transcription factor. ra2 is transiently expressed in a group of cells that predicts the position of axillary meristem formation in inflorescences. Expression in different mutant backgrounds places ra2 upstream of other genes that regulate branch formation. The early expression of ra2 suggests that it functions in the patterning of stem cells in axillary meristems. Alignment of ra2-like sequences ...
Genes & Development, 2001
The ability to initiate organs throughout the lifecycle is a unique feature of plant development that is executed by groups of stem cells called meristems. The balance between stem cell proliferation and organ initiation is carefully regulated and ensures that organs can be initiated in regular geometric patterns. To understand how this regulation is achieved, we isolated a novel mutant of maize, fasciated ear2 (fea2), which causes a massive overproliferation of the ear inflorescence meristem and a more modest effect on floral meristem size and organ number. We cloned the fea2 gene using transposon tagging, and it encodes a membrane localized leucine-rich repeat receptor-like protein that is most closely related to CLAVATA2 from Arabidopsis. These findings provide evidence that the CLAVATA pathway for regulation of meristem size is functionally conserved throughout the angiosperms. A possible connection of fea2 to the control of crop yields is discussed.
1997
The narrow leaf and shortened stem phenotypes of the maize mutant narrow sheath (ns) are postulated to result from the lack of founder cell initialization in a region of the meristem that gives rise to leaf and stem margins. To test this model, a lineage map of the maize meristem is presented which compares the development of leaf margins in the narrow leaf mutant, narrow sheath (ns), and wild-type sibling plants. X-irradiation of mature seeds produced aneuploid albino sectors in wild-type and ns mutant plants. Of particular interest are sectors occurring in more than one leaf, which reflect a meristematic albino cell lineage. Analyses of these sectors indicated that: (1) a region of the ns meristem does not contribute to the founder cell population of the incipient leaf; (2) the margins of ns mutant leaves are derived from a lateral region of the meristem different from those in wild-type siblings; (3) founder cells in wild-type, juvenilestaged vegetative meristems encircle the meristem to a greater extent than do founder cells in adult-staged meristems; and (4) meristematic leaf founder cells may be subdivided into specific lateral domains, such that the position of a sector on the meristem correlates with a particular cell lineage. These data support our model for ns gene function in a specific domain of the meristem.
Development (Cambridge, England), 2000
The knotted1 (kn1) gene of maize is expressed in meristems and is absent from leaves, including the site of leaf initiation within the meristem. Recessive mutations of kn1 have been described that limit the capacity to make branches and result in extra carpels. Dominant mutations suggest that kn1 function plays a role in maintaining cells in an undifferentiated state. We took advantage of a Ds-induced dominant allele in order to screen for additional recessive alleles resulting from mobilization of the Ds element. Analysis of one such allele revealed a novel embryonic shoot phenotype in which the shoot initiated zero to few organs after the cotyledon was made, resulting in plants that arrested as seedlings. We refer to this phenotype as a limited shoot. The limited shoot phenotype reflected loss of kn1 function, but its penetrance was background dependent. We examined meristem size and found that plants lacking kn1 function had shorter meristems than non-mutant siblings. Furthermore...
Development, 2002
Meristems may be determinate or indeterminate. In maize, the indeterminate inflorescence meristem produces three types of determinate meristems: spikelet pair, spikelet and floral meristems. These meristems are defined by their position and their products. We have discovered a gene in maize, indeterminate floral apex1 (ifa1) that regulates meristem determinacy. The defect found in ifa1 mutants is specific to meristems and does not affect lateral organs. In ifa1 mutants, the determinate meristems become less determinate. The spikelet pair meristem initiates more than a pair of spikelets and the spikelet meristem initiates more than the normal two flowers. The floral meristem initiates all organs correctly, but the ovule primordium, the terminal product of the floral meristem, enlarges and proliferates, expressing both meristem and ovule marker genes. A role for ifa1 in meristem identity in addition to meristem determinacy was revealed by double mutant analysis. In zea agamous1 (zag1)...