Toilet training practices in Nigerian children (original) (raw)
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Pediomaternal Nursing Journal
Introduction: Toilet training for children is an attempt to train children to control bowel movements and urination. Besides, children are encouraged to be able to defecate and urinate in the specified place. The success of toilet training depends on the readiness of the child and family. This study aims to determine the factors that affect toilet training readiness for toddlers.Methods: The research design used is descriptive analysis, with a cross-sectional approach. The population at Kenjeran Community Health Center is 2.755 toddlers, and the sample used in this study is 25 toddlers with purposive sampling. The instrument used in this study was a children's toilet training questionnaire. Data were analyzed using the crosstab and chi-square analysis.Results: This study showed a relationship between the child's age and the child's sex with the readiness of the child's toilet training with p = 0.00 (α = 0.05).Conclusion: Nurses as health workers are expected to be ed...
Toilet training: situation at 3 years of age in a birth cohort
Jornal de Pediatria, 2008
Objectives: Acquisition of bladder and bowel control is influenced by physiological, psychological and sociocultural factors. The objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of children out of diapers by 24 months of age and the factors associated with this finding. Methods: A total of 3,281 children born in Pelotas, RS, Brazil in 2004 were enrolled on a longitudinal study. At 24 months their mothers were visited at home and replied to a questionnaire containing questions about sociodemographic data and the characteristics of their children's urinary and intestinal evacuation habits, with special attention to toilet training. Multivariate analyses were carried out using Poisson regression. Results: From the total, 24.3% were out of diapers during the day, with the female sex predominating (27.8 vs. 21.1%, p < 0.001) and 8.6% were out of diapers at night, also with the female sex predominating (10.6 vs. 6.8%, p < 0.001). The abilities needed to start toilet training were present in 85.5% of the children. Guidance was received from a pediatrician in 10% of cases, and more frequently among richer mothers than among poorer mothers (22.9 vs. 4.8%). Mothers who spent more years in education (13.2%) and were from higher social classes (14%) took their children out of diapers later; a greater number of children living at home (relative risk = 1.32) and being able to communicate the need to go to the toilet (relative risk = 11.74) both increased the probability of being out of diapers; previous unsuccessful attempts delayed removal of diapers (relative risk = 0.59). Conclusions: Although the abilities needed for acquisition of bladder and bowel control were already present at 24 months, indicating that toilet training could be started, the majority of children had not yet started this training. Better-informed mothers delayed training the most.
Toilet training: methods, parental expectations and associated dysfunctions
2008
Objective: To review both the scientific literature and lay literature on toilet training, covering parents' expectations, the methods available for achieving bladder and bowel control and associated morbidities. Sources: Articles published between 1960 and 2007, identified via the MEDLINE, Cochrane Collaboration, ERIC, Web of Science, LILACS and SciELO databases plus queries on the Google search engine; a search of related articles, references of articles, by author and of pediatrics societies. A total of 473 articles were examined and 85 of these were selected for this review. Summary of the findings: Parents have unrealistic expectations about the age at which diapers can be withdrawn, not taking child development into account. Toilet training strategies have not changed over recent decades, and in the majority of countries the age at which children are trained has been postponed. Training methods are rarely used. Starting toilet training prematurely and stressful events during this period can extend the training process. Children who have not been trained correctly present with enuresis, urinary infection, voiding dysfunction, constipation, encopresis and refusal to go to the toilet more frequently. Literature intended for lay parents is both abundant and adequate, available in book form and on the Internet, but it is not widely available to the Brazilian population. Just three international pediatrics societies have published guidelines on toilet training. Conclusions: Toilet training is occurring later in the majority of countries. The training methods that exist are the same from decades ago and are rarely used by mothers and valued little by pediatricians; incorrect training can be a causative factor for bladder and bowel disorders, which in turn cause problems for children and their families.
Toilet training age and influencing factors: a multicenter study
The Turkish journal of pediatrics
To determine toilet training age and the factors influencing this in our country, 1500 children who had completed toilet training were evaluated in a multicenter study. The mean age of toilet training was 22.32±6.57 months. The duration it took to complete toilet training was 6.60±2.20 months on the average. In univariant analysis, toilet training age increased as the parental education level, specifically that of the mother, increased. The training age of children whose mothers had over 12 years of education differed significantly from that of children of mothers with less education. There was no significant difference in toilet training age with regard to the education level of the father, or the employment status of the mother. We also found significant differences with respect to family income level, toilet type and training method. In multivariant analysis, family income >5000 TL and use of a potty chair were determined to be factors affecting toilet training age. In conclus...
Daytime Urinary Incontinence among Kindergarten Children in Aden Governorate,2003
Daytime urinary incontinence is an involuntary or intentional voiding of urine in an awake child who is old enough to have developed control, and has a variable prevalence throughout the world. In Yemen, data regarding this problem are almost absent. In this study from the capital city of Aden, we aimed to: (1) determine the prevalence of daytime incontinence in kindergarten children aged 4-6 years, (2) identify the relation between daytime enuresis with personal and family characteristics of the children studied, and (3) describe the severity and characteristics of daytime enuresis in the studied children. A cross-sectional comparative study was undertaken in all kindergarten children aged 4-6 years in Aden Governorate and 1061 responded. Data were obtained by using a precoded self-administered questionnaire completed by the parents. The questionnaire consisted of two parts: personal and family characteristics of the studied children and the presence of daytime incontinence. The second part was responded if there was history of daytime incontinence, and contained information on the severity and possible associated factors. Daytime incontinence was encountered in 34 cases (3.2%); 18 were females. Significant differences between cases and incontinence-free children were encountered in birth order and type of kindergarten (P < 0.05). Majority (85.3%) had severe form of daytime incontinence. Bed wetting and combined day and night wetting were more frequent among males, whereas urinary symptoms (urgency, squatting, dysuria, dribbling) were more frequent among females. Working mother and frightening and emotionally stressful events in the 6 months preceding the study were significantly associated with daytime incontinence, while parents' education, punishment for daytime incontinence, and the presence of family history of incontinence were insignificant. In conclusion, this is the first study from Yemen reporting the prevalence of enuresis, similar to previous reports. Further studies are needed to explore this problem in our region to end the misery of the child and the family.
Age of Initiation and the Factors Associated with Toilet Training in Healthy Saudi Children
Journal of King Abdulaziz University - Medical Sciences
With the appropriate knowledge of the age to initiate toilet training and acknowledging the factors that influence it, parents can prevent many health issues related to voiding. Our study aimed to determine the average age of the initiation of toilet training among Saudi children and the factors that may affect this training. This study was carried out by distributing questionnaires to mothers who attended various clinics in our institute. A sample included 1000 healthy Saudi children. The mean age of the initiation of toilet training in healthy children was 25.6 ± 9.4 months while the median was 24 months, the mean duration of training was 6.3 ± 9.1 months. Most children (92%) were trained in the summer months. Mother’s educational level, number of siblings, and socioeconomic status were significant factors that affected the age of initiation. However, mother’s occupation, caregiver, and the order and gender of the child did not have a significant effect on the initiation of toilet...
Later toilet training is associated with urge incontinence in children
Journal of Pediatric Urology, 2009
Objective: The objective of this study was to determine if later toilet training is associated with urge incontinence in children. Methods: We used a caseecontrol study design to yield level 2 evidence. Results: Initiation of toilet training after 32 months of age was associated with urge incontinence (P Z 0.02). Conclusion: For children who display signs of toilet-training readiness, training should be initiated prior to Q3 32 months of age to reduce the risk for urge incontinence. ª
Parents’ Knowledge and Children’s Toilet Training Practices: Study in Kindergartens in Jatinangor
Althea Medical Journal, 2019
Background: Constipation has serious threats for children, however, this condition can be treated by toilet training. The level of parents' understanding of defecation affects the success of the training to reduce the symptom of constipation. This study aimed to assess the knowledge of the parents and their children's practice in toilet training at kindergarten. Methods: This was an analytic study with a cross-sectional method which conducted at kindergartens in Jatinangor, selected by a total random sampling method. A self-made validated questionnaire was distributed to parents asking about knowledge and toilet training. Incomplete answer sheets and parents who did not come to school by the time of the study were excluded. Result: In total, 111 parents returned the questionnaire, and most of the parents (98.19%) had good knowledge regarding toilet training. Moreover, most of the children (96.39%) were also good at practicing the toilet training. There was a strong and significant correlation between parents' knowledge and the children's practice of toilet training with coefficient correlation 0.701 and p-value <0.05. Conclusions: Good knowledge of parents help the children practicing toilet training, therefore, education to new parents is necessary.
Urinary Incontinency in Women in Uyo Metropolis, South-South, Nigeria
European Journal of Sustainable Development, 2016
This study was a cross sectional study which examined urinary incontinence in women within Uyo metropolis of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. The survey was carried out among women within the ages of 16-75 years. Questionnaire was the instrument used for data collection and total sample of 254 women were selected using simple random sampling univariate association between the demographic characteristics of the subject. Urinary incontinence was examined using Chi-Square Test and multiple variate association was tested using multiple logistic regression. Results showed that Prolong Labour (OR = 3.01, C.I = 1.545 – 6.80, P<0.05), Episiotomy (OR = 1.82, C.I = 1.547- 5.001), Vaginal Infection (OR = 3.08, C.I = 1.544-10.899) and High Birth Weight (OR = 2.66, C.I = 1.961-7.370) were the factors were significantly associated with urinary incontinency in women. Hence, it could be concluded that prolong labour, episiotomy, vaginal infection and high birth weight babies are significantly related t...