PtSnCe/C electrocatalysts for ethanol oxidation: DEFC and FTIR (original) (raw)
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PtSnCe/C electrocatalysts for ethanol oxidation: DEFC and FTIR “in-situ” studies
International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2011
The ethanol oxidation reaction (EOR) was investigated using PtSnCe/C electrocatalysts in different mass ratios (72:23:5, 68:22:10 and 64:21:15) that were prepared by the polymeric precursor method. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that the particles ranged in size from approximately 2 to 5 nm. Changes in the net parameters observed for Pt suggest the incorporation of Sn and Ce into the Pt crystalline network with the formation of an alloy between Pt, Sn and/or Ce. Among the PtSnCe catalysts investigated, the 68:22:10 composition showed the highest activity toward ethanol oxidation, and the currentetime curves obtained in the presence of ethanol in acidic media showed a current density 50% higher than that observed for commercial PtSn/C (E-Tek). During the experiments performed on single direct ethanol fuel cells, the power density for the PtSnCe/C 68:22:10 anode was nearly 40% higher than the one obtained using the commercial catalyst. Data from Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy showed that the observed behavior for ethanol oxidation may be explained in terms of a double mechanism. The presence of Sn and Ce seems to favor CO oxidation, since they produce an oxygen-containing species to oxidize acetaldehyde to acetic acid.
Ethanol Oxidation Reaction Using PtSn/C+Ce/C Electrocatalysts: Aspects of Ceria Contribution
Electrochimica Acta, 2014
The ethanol oxidation reaction (EOR) was investigated using PtSn/C + Ce/C electrocatalysts in different mass ratios (58:42, 53:47, and 42:58) prepared using the polymeric precursor method. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) experiments showed particles sizes in the range of 3 to 7 nm. Changes in the net parameters observed for Pt suggest the incorporation of Sn into the Pt crystalline network with the formation of an alloy mixture with the SnO 2 phase. Among the PtSn/C + Ce/C catalysts investigated, the 53:47 composition showed the highest activity towards the EOR. In this case, the j versus t curves obtained in the presence of ethanol in acidic media exhibited a current density 90% higher than that observed with the commercial PtSn/C (ETEK). Correspondingly, during the experiments performed on single direct ethanol fuel cells, the maximum power density obtained using PtSn/C + Ce/C (53:47) as the anode was approximately 60% higher than that obtained using the commercial catalyst. FTIR data showed that the observed behavior for ethanol oxidation may be explained in terms of a synergic effect of bifunctional mechanism with electronic effects, in addition to a chemical effect of ceria that provides oxygen-containing species to oxidize acetaldehyde to acetic acid.
Structure and chemical composition of supported Pt–Sn electrocatalysts for ethanol oxidation
Electrochimica Acta, 2005
Carbon supported PtSn alloy and PtSnO x particles with nominal Pt:Sn ratios of 3:1 were prepared by a modified polyol method. High resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and X-ray microchemical analysis were used to characterize the composition, size, distribution, and morphology of PtSn particles. The particles are predominantly single nanocrystals with diameters in the order of 2.0-3.0 nm. According to the XRD results, the lattice constant of Pt in the PtSn alloy is dilated due to Sn atoms penetrating into the Pt crystalline lattice. While for PtSnO x nanoparticles, the lattice constant of Pt only changed a little. HRTEM micrograph of PtSnO x clearly shows that the change of the spacing of Pt (1 1 1) plane is neglectable, meanwhile, SnO 2 nanoparticles, characterized with the nominal 0.264 nm spacing of SnO 2 (1 0 1) plane, were found in the vicinity of Pt particles. In contrast, the HRTEM micrograph of PtSn alloy shows that the spacing of Pt (1 1 1) plane extends to 0.234 nm from the original 0.226 nm. High resolution energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (HR-EDS) analyses show that all investigated particles in the two PtSn catalysts represent uniform Pt/Sn compositions very close to the nominal one. Cyclic voltammograms (CV) in sulfuric acid show that the hydrogen ad/desorption was inhibited on the surface of PtSn alloy compared to that on the surface of the PtSnO x catalyst. PtSnO x catalyst showed higher catalytic activity for ethanol electro-oxidation than PtSn alloy from the results of chronoamperometry (CA) analysis and the performance of direct ethanol fuel cells (DEFCs). It is deduced that the unchanged lattice parameter of Pt in the PtSnO x catalyst is favorable to ethanol adsorption and meanwhile, tin oxide in the vicinity of Pt nanoparticles could offer oxygen species conveniently to remove the CO-like species of ethanolic residues to free Pt active sites.
PtSn/C electrocatalysts prepared by different methods for direct ethanol fuel cell
Studies in Surface Science and Catalysis, 2006
Sn atomic ratios of 50:50 and 90:10 were prepared by alcohol-reduction process, using ethylene glycol as solvent and reducing agent, and by borohydride reduction. The electrocatalysts were characterized by EDX, XRD and cyclic voltammetry. The electro-oxidation of ethanol was studied by cyclic voltammetry using the thin porous coating technique. The electrocatalysts performance depends greatly on preparation procedures and Pt:Sn atomic ratios.
Ethanol Electro-Oxidation on PtSn/C-ATO Electrocatalysts
2012
Sn atomic ratios (90:10, 70:30 and 50:50) were prepared in a single step by an alcohol-reduction process using H 2 PtCl 6 .6H 2 O and SnCl 2 .2H 2 O as metal sources and ethylene glycol as solvent and reducing agent and a physical mixture of carbon Vulcan XC72 (85 wt%) and Sb 2 O 5 .SnO 2 (15 wt%) as support (C-ATO). The obtained materials were characterized by Xray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The catalytic activity for ethanol electro-oxidation in acid medium was investigated by cyclic voltammetry and chroamperometry and in single direct ethanol fuel cell (DEFC). XRD analyses showed that Pt(fcc), SnO 2 , carbon and ATO phases coexist in the obtained materials. The electrochemical studies showed that PtSn/C-ATO electrocatalysts were more active for ethanol electro-oxidation than PtSn/C electrocatalyst. The experiments at 100 o C on a single DEFC showed that the power density of the cell using PtSn/C-ATO (90:10) was nearly 100% higher than the one obtained using PtSn/C (50:50). FTIR measurements showed that the addition of ATO to PtSn/C favors the formation of acetic acid as a product while for PtSn/C acetaldehyde was the principal product formed.
Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, 2010
Vulcan XC-72R carbon was pretreated using acid and thermal activation methods, and the carbons obtained were used as supports for a PtSn/C catalyst synthesized by a successive reduction process. Surface characteristics of the supports, including BET surface area, pH PZC and functional group, were analyzed using physical N 2 adsorption, mass titration, acid-base titration, and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer technique, respectively. The prepared PtSn/C catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffractometer (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDX), inductively coupled plasmaatomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES), and transmission electron microscope (TEM) techniques, and then were examined for their behavior under ethanol oxidation as well as for their performance in a direct ethanol fuel cell (DEFC). The results showed that pretreatment by HNO 3 produced various oxygenated functional groups on the support surface and increased its acidic property. The strong acidity of the acid-treated support led to an unfavorable condition for the Pt reduction reaction and resulted in low Pt content but high Pt:Sn ratio in the PtSn/C catalyst. On the other hand, thermal activation increased the base functional groups on the carbon surface, which enhanced reduction of Pt precursor, and consequently, provided a small average metal particle size of 2.2 nm. The results from cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry and cell performance testing confirmed that the catalytic activity for ethanol oxidation and the performance in the direct ethanol fuel cell of the heat-treated carbon-supported PtSn catalyst was superior to the fresh PtSn/C catalyst and the acid-treated carbon-supported PtSn catalyst.
Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 2004
The electro-oxidation of ethanol was studied on Pt and PtSn catalysts using electrochemical, in situ reflectance spectroscopy and chromatography techniques. First, the beneficial effect of tin for ethanol electro-oxidation was established by cyclic voltammetry; the PtSn catalyst activity was almost double that on Pt. Then, the identification of intermediates and reaction products formed was performed. The following species were detected: adsorbed CO, adsorbed CH 3 CO, CH 3 CHO, CH 3 COOH and CO 2 . Finally, a comparison of the electrocatalytic behaviour of Pt and PtSn catalysts based on data from in situ reflectance spectroscopy (SNIFTIRS and SPAIRS techniques), electrolysis and CO stripping measurements was made. It appeared that, as in methanol oxidation on a PtRu catalyst, two effects are involved in ethanol electro-oxidation on PtSn: the bifunctional mechanism and the ligand effect. The presence of tin allows ethanol to adsorb dissociatively, then to break the C-C bond, at lower potentials and with a higher selectivity than on pure Pt. It allows the formation of acetic acid at lower potentials than on Pt alone. From these results, a mechanism of ethanol electro-oxidation on Pt and PtSn catalysts was proposed.
Preparation of PtSn/C Skeletal-Type Electrocatalysts for Ethanol Electro-Oxidation
ECS Transactions, 2012
PtSnCu/C electrocatalysts were synthesized with 20 wt% of metals loading and different Pt:Sn:Cu atomic ratios by borohydride reduction method using 2-propanol as solvent, H2PtCl6.6H2O, SnCl2.2H2O and CuCl2.2H2O as metals sources, NaBH4 as reducing agent and carbon black Vulcan XC72 as support. In a second step, the electrocatalysts were treated with nitric acid. The obtained materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction and EDX analysis. The electro-oxidation of ethanol was studied by chronoamperometry in acid medium at room temperature. The X-ray diffractograms of the as-synthesized electrocatalysts showed the typical face-centered cubic (FCC) structure of Pt and Pt alloys. After treatment with nitric acid the X-ray diffractrograms showed that the FCC structure was preserved and EDX analysis that Sn an Cu were partially removed. The results obtained by chronoamperometry showed for all electrocatalysts an increase of performance for ethanol electro-oxidation after acid treatment.
PtSnIr/C anode electrocatalysts: promoting effect in direct ethanol fuel cells
Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society, 2012
Este estudo investiga o efeito promotor de anodos eletrocatalisadores do tipo PtSnIr/C (1:1:1), preparados pelo método de precursor polimérico, na reação de oxidação de etanol em uma célula a combustível de etanol direto (DEFC). Todos os materiais usados foram metal 20% m/m com relação a carbono. Análise por espectroscopia fotoelétrica de raios X (XPS) mostrou a presença de Pt, PtOH 2 , PtO 2 , SnO 2 e IrO 2 na superfície do eletrocalisador, indicando uma possível estrutura de partícula revestida. Análise por difratometria de raios X (XRD) indicou Pt e Ir metálicos assim como a formação de uma liga com Sn. Utilizando eletrocatalisadores do tipo PtSnIr/C preparados para este estudo com quantidades de Pt duas vezes menor que em eletrocatalisadores do tipo PtSn/C E-tek, foi possível obter a mesma densidade de potência máxima encontrada para o material comercial. O produto de reação principal foi ácido acético provavelmente devido a presença de óxidos, neste caso o mecanismo bifuncional é predominante, mas um efeito eletrônico não deve ser descartado. This study investigates the promoting effect of PtSnIr/C (1:1:1) electrocatalyst anode, prepared by polymeric precursor method, on the ethanol oxidation reaction in a direct ethanol fuel cell (DEFC). All of the materials used were 20% metal m/m on carbon. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis showed the presence of Pt, PtOH 2 , PtO 2 , SnO 2 and IrO 2 at the electrocatalyst surface, indicating a possible decorated particle structure. X-ray diffractometry (XRD) analysis indicated metallic Pt and Ir as well as the formation of an alloy with Sn. Using the PtSnIr/C electrocatalyst prepared here with two times lower loading of Pt than PtSn/C E-tek electrocatalyst, it was possible to obtain the same maximum power density found for the commercial material. The main reaction product was acetic acid probably due to the presence of oxides, in this point the bifunctional mechanism is predominant, but an electronic effect should not be discarded.
Ethanol Oxidation Reaction on IrPtSn/C Electrocatalysts with low Pt Content
Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society, 2013
Neste estudo, a reação de oxidação de etanol (EOR) foi investigada usando materiais nanoestruturados ternários compostos de IrPtSn/C nas proporções em massa Ir:Pt:Sn de 60:30:10, 60:20:20 e 60:10:30, preparados pelo método de precursores poliméricos e comparados com o eletrocatalisador de origem comercial PtSn/C E-TEK. A caracterização por difratometria de raios-X foi utilizada para obter informações acerca da estrutura dos materiais e a microscopia eletrônica de transmissão mostrou que os tamanhos médios das partículas variaram de 5 até 7 nm. A atividade eletrocatalítica foi investigada empregando experimentos cronoamperométricos em 0,5 V vs. RHE e através da espectroscopia no infravermelho com transformada de Fourier no modo de refletância total atenuada (FTIR-ATR) in situ. Baseado nos experimentos de FTIR-ATR in situ, observou-se que o melhor material IrPtSn/C 60:20:20 levou à formação de acetaldeído em altas intensidades e CO 2 em baixas intensidades. Utilizando-se o material IrPtSn/C 60:20:20, foi possível diminuir a quantidade de platina em ca. 73% em comparação com o eletrocatalisador PtSn/C E-TEK, tendo um aumento de ca. 282% na densidade de corrente nos experimentos cronoamperométricos. In this work, the ethanol oxidation reaction (EOR) was investigated using ternary nanostructured materials composed of IrPtSn/C in mass proportions of Ir: