A Three-Dimensional Atlas of Human Tongue Muscles (original) (raw)
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Graphics tool for 3-D tongue modeling
The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 1992
An X-window-based graphics tool was developed to load serial images of histological sections of tongue specimens from a fetus available in the OSU College of Medicine, to enter contours and fiber directions of both intrinsic and extrinsic tongue muscles, and to implement a 3-D reconstruction of the tongue based on the assumption of lateral symmetry of the human tongue. It allows interactive loading of scanned-in images and their displays, sketching and labeling of various anatomical structures, and saving the sketches to files. The 3-D display of the sketches serves to construct a network of nodal points for a finite element representation. The intrinsic properties of the tissue, such as fiber direction, affiliation of local fiber directions with muscle types are compiled for each finite element. This tissue representation will be used later for the finite element analysis to simulate the deformation and movements of the tongue. The overall purpose of this study is to develop a comp...
Sexual Dimorphism in the Histologic Organization of the Muscle Fibers in Human Tongue
Journal of Voice, 2014
Tongue movements are critical for speech, swallowing, and respiration; and tongue dysfunction could lead to dysarthria, dysphagia, and obstructive sleep apnea, respectively. Our current understanding of the contributions of specific tongue muscles (TOs) to precise movement patterns is limited. Likewise, there is still little information regarding the orientation of histologic muscle fibers of the tongue in humans, especially between men and women. Thus, the aim of this study was to compare the histologic organization in the tongue of men and women. Ten tongues were studied in human specimens obtained from necropsies (five men and five women). The muscles were analyzed using histology, and the morphometric parameters were measured using Image Pro-Plus Software (Image Pro-Plus 6.0; Media Cybernetics, Silver Spring, MD). Slices were obtained from the anterior, median, and posterior parts of the tongue. We classified and estimated the percentages of transverse (T), oblique (O), and longitudinal (L) fibers in the tongue. To quantify the percentage of fibers in each category in the tongue, the shape coefficient (Shape Z) was estimated. Statistical differences were found between the orientation of the muscle fibers of men and women only for the middle region of the tongue. The middle region of the tongue in women compared with men has a smaller difference in the variation of the percentage of fibers T (P ¼ 0.0004), O (P ¼ 0.0006), and L (P ¼ 0.0013). These morphologic findings are probably related to physiological differences.
Human tongue neuroanatomy: Nerve supply and motor endplates
Clinical Anatomy, 2010
The human tongue has a critical role in speech, swallowing, and respiration, however, its motor control is poorly understood. Fundamental gaps include detailed information on the course of the hypoglossal (XII) nerve within the tongue, the branches of the XII nerve within each tongue muscle, and the type and arrangement of motor endplates (MEP) within each muscle. In this study, five adult human tongues were processed with Sihler's stain, a whole-mount nerve staining technique, to map out the entire intra-lingual course of the XII nerve and its branches. An additional five specimens were microdissected into individual muscles and stained with acetylcholinesterase and silver staining to study their MEP morphology and banding patterns. Using these techniques the course of the entire XII nerve was mapped from the main nerve to the smallest intramuscular branches. It was found that the human tongue innervation is extremely dense and complex. Although the basic mammalian pattern of XII is conserved in humans, there are notable differences. In addition, many muscle fibers contained multiple en grappe MEP, suggesting that they are some variant of the highly specialized slow tonic muscle fiber type. The transverse muscle group that comprises the core of the tongue appears to have the most complex innervation and has the highest percentage of en grappe MEP. In summary, the innervation of the human tongue has specializations not reported in other mammalian tongues, including non-human primates. These specializations appear to allow for fine motor control of tongue shape.
Dynamic 3-D tongue model−Progress report
The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 1991
An approximate computational model of the tongue including both intrinsic and extrinsic muscles has been constructed based on histological sections of tongue specimens. The tongue is represented by several geometrical solid primitives (blocks) forming local curvilinear coordinate systems, in reference to which muscle fiber directions are specified. Control vertices serve as reference points for each block, and their positional variation allows anatomical scaling. Each block is divided into several finite elements, within each of which fiber directions and muscle activation parameters are computed using linear and quadratic interpolation. The deformation and movement of the tongue is simulated by solving the equations of motion, assuming large deformation and incompressibility of the continuum. A new algorithm has been devised for maintaining deformations isochoric, using a projection method for reduced stress computation. The muscular stresses are computed with a simple model of mus...
Modeling Asymmetrical Movements of Normal and Pathological Tongue
2006
Simulation techniques using 2D or 3D tongue models have been adopted in investigating mechanisms of speech production. However, large asymmetric deformations of the tongue have not been challenged yet for both normal and pathologic cases. In this study, a full 3D tongue model was constructed by extending an existing partial 3D model, and it is used to perform large asymmetric 3D deformations to generate tongue gestures with bending and torsion. Furthermore, simulations of a hemi-laterally reconstructed tongue demonstrated tongue protrusion with a bending motion, as often observed in real pathological cases. These results confirmed that the proposed tongue model performed behaviors of normal and pathological tongues and that this model can be a useful tool for the study of speech disorders with pathology of the tongue.
Head & Neck, 2019
Objective: To determine the two-dimensional (2D) characteristics of flaps necessary to create three-dimensional (3D) tongue anatomy. Methods: Dissection of 11 fresh, nonpreserved human cadavers was performed. Six defects in each were created: total tongue, total oral tongue, hemiglossectomy, oral hemiglossectomy, total base of tongue, and hemi-base of tongue. The resections were debulked to create flat, 2D mucosal flaps. The dimensions and shapes of these flaps were determined. Results: Each specimen showed consistent dimensions and geometry between cadavers. The total tongue was pear-shaped, the total oral tongue was eggshaped, the oral hemi-tongue was bullet-shaped, the hemi-tongue resembled a dagger, the total base of tongue was rectangular, and the hemi-base of tongue was hour-glass shaped. Conclusion: Typical dimensions and shapes of common tongue defects were determined. It is conceivable that customizing reconstructive flaps based on these data will increase the accuracy of neo-tongue reconstruction, and thus, improve functional outcomes.
Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 2007
PurposeTo study the anatomical relationships involving the intrinsic and extrinsic myofiber populations of the human tongue employing diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) with tractography.To study the anatomical relationships involving the intrinsic and extrinsic myofiber populations of the human tongue employing diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) with tractography.Materials and MethodsImages of the human tongue in vivo were obtained using a twice-refocused spin echo DTI pulse sequence at 1.5T, isotropic 3 × 3 × 3 mm3 voxels, b-value 500 seconds/mm2, and 90 different diffusion sensitizing gradient directions. Multivoxel tracts were generated along the vectors, corresponding to the directions of maximal diffusion in each voxel. The data was visualized using custom fiber tracking software and images compared with known anatomy.Images of the human tongue in vivo were obtained using a twice-refocused spin echo DTI pulse sequence at 1.5T, isotropic 3 × 3 × 3 mm3 voxels, b-value 500 seconds/mm2, and 90 different diffusion sensitizing gradient directions. Multivoxel tracts were generated along the vectors, corresponding to the directions of maximal diffusion in each voxel. The data was visualized using custom fiber tracking software and images compared with known anatomy.ResultsDTI tractography depicts the complete three-dimensional (3D) myoarchitecture of the human tongue, specifically demonstrating the geometric relationships between the intrinsic and extrinsic myofiber populations. These results define the manner in which key extrinsic fiber populations merge with the longitudinally-, transversely-, and vertically-aligned intrinsic fibers.DTI tractography depicts the complete three-dimensional (3D) myoarchitecture of the human tongue, specifically demonstrating the geometric relationships between the intrinsic and extrinsic myofiber populations. These results define the manner in which key extrinsic fiber populations merge with the longitudinally-, transversely-, and vertically-aligned intrinsic fibers.ConclusionThe current results display for the first time the use of DTI tractography in vivo to visualize the complete structural anatomy of the human tongue and allow us to consider fundamental structure-function relationships. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.The current results display for the first time the use of DTI tractography in vivo to visualize the complete structural anatomy of the human tongue and allow us to consider fundamental structure-function relationships. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
2008
'Tagged MRI' techniques have been used during the past years to predict which tongue muscles are activated during the production of vowels and for non-speech gestures. Using this technique, tongue muscle activation inferences are based on the hypothesis that a significant distortion of the anatomical region of a tongue muscle is evidence of voluntary muscle activation. In this paper, we propose to use a 3D finite-element model of the oral cavity to study the relation between the strain levels observed in the tongue body in relation to the tongue muscles activated by the central nervous system or through reflex loops. Results showed in most cases a good correlation between the area of the tongue that underwent high strains and the location of the muscle activated when studying single muscle activation, but a limited and even no correlation for movements involving combined muscle activation. A direct reading of Tagged MRI images would not allow inferring major tongue muscles activated in theses cases.