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Histology of the Central Nervous System
Toxicologic Pathology, 2010
The intent of this article is to assist pathologists inexperienced in examining central nervous system (CNS) sections to recognize normal and abnormal cell types as well as some common artifacts. Dark neurons are the most common histologic artifact but, with experience, can readily be distinguished from degenerating (eosinophilic) neurons. Neuron degeneration stains can be useful in lowering the threshold for detecting neuron degeneration as well as for revealing degeneration within populations of neurons that are too small to show the associated eosinophilic cytoplasmic alteration within H&E-stained sections. Neuron degeneration may also be identified by the presence of associated macroglial and microglial reactions. Knowledge of the distribution of astrocyte cytoplasmic processes is helpful in determining that certain patterns of treatment-related neuropil vacuolation (as well as some artifacts) represent swelling of these processes. On the other hand, vacuoles with different dist...
Histopathological spectrum of central nervous system lesions
Tropical Journal of Pathology and Microbiology, 2019
Introduction: Central nervous system (CNS) neoplasms, in India, constitute 1.9% of all cancers and in U.S. adults-2% of all cancers. Many of the non-neoplastic CNS lesions can clinically & radiologically simulate brain tumours. In such cases, histopathological examination (HPE) can be helpful in differentiating between neoplastic and non-neoplastic etiologies. Materials and Methods: This retrospective descriptive study of histopathological analysis of brain tumours was carried out in TMMC&RC, Department of Pathology from January 2015 to December 2018. The biopsies were processed by routine histological techniques and H&E stained sections were analyzed. Special stains and IHC were performed wherever appropriate. The diagnosed brain tumours were classified according to WHO 2016 classification system. Results: A total of 96 CNS biopsies were studied. The neoplasms constituted 62 (64.6%) cases, which included 60 (96.8%) primary, 1 (1.6%) metastatic and 1 miscellaneous lesion (1.6%). The 3 most common primary tumours were Astrocytic tumours, Schwannomas and Meningiomas. About 34(35.4%) cases were non neoplastic out of which the 2 most common lesions were: Cystic Lesions and non-specific inflammation. Patients' age ranged from 5 days to 80 years. The ratio of number of male and female patients was 1:1.67. IHC for Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP) was positive in astrocytomas and mixed neuronal-glial tumours. Conclusion: The present study provides information regarding the spectrum and frequency of various CNS lesions in our area and concludes that histological examination of biopsies is gold standard for accurate diagnosis of various lesions of CNS when coupled with radiological and clinical data.
Histopathological Study of CNS Lesions-A Retrospective Study for 5 Years
2020
Introduction: The human nervous system performs greatly varied and highly complex functions. CNS lesions consist of inflammatory, infectious, benign and malignant tumours.CNS tumours are not as frequent as tumours of other sites. Histologically malignant brain tumours carry a poor prognosis. Aims and objectives: histopathological study of various CNS lesions in to benign, malignant and infectious conditions. Methods – 5 yrs. retrospective study of CNS lesions, over the period march 2011 March 2015, in Narayana medical college, Nellore. A total 146 cases included in which 136 cases are neoplastic, 10 cases are inflammatory. Results: 5 yrs. under review (2011-2015) a total of 146 cases of CNS lesions were done histopathologically. 136 (93.16%) neoplastic cases, 10(6.84%) inflammatory cases. Among 10 CNS infections cases, fungal infections were of 5 (50%) cases, 4 cases (40%) were of granulomatous (Koch’s) aetiology. 1 (10%) case of Toxoplasmosis. Of the 136 cases of CNS neoplasms, 96 ...
Current protocols in toxicology / editorial board, Mahin D. Maines (editor-in-chief) ... [et al.], 2005
An important method of assessing experimental neurotoxic injury is the pathologic examination of the nervous system. Methods for fixation, sampling, and preparation of peripheral nervous system tissues for critical pathological neurotoxicology studies are presented. Fixation of tissue is carried out using either perfusion-fixation of laboratory animals or immersion-fixation of dissected nerve segments. Dissection of the peripheral nervous system (from perfusion-fixed animals) is done to allow for multilevel sampling. Focus is on use of epoxy resin embedding tissue sections for optimal light microscopic resolution. Protocols for processing, sectioning, and staining for light and transmission electron microscopy are provided. A protocol for teasing and microscopic study of individual myelinated fibers is provided.
Histopathological evaluation of cerebral lesions
IP Innovative Publication Pvt. Ltd., 2018
Introduction: A cerebral lesion refers to any type of abnormal tissue found in the brain, particularly in the cerebral cortex. The cerebrum is responsible for allowing voluntary movements within the human body. Cerebral tumors arise from tissue throughout the brain. Neuroglial cells mainly consist of astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and ependymal cells. These cells provide shelter and maintenance for neurons. About half of the primary CNS tumors derive from glial cells. Aims and Objectives: To study the lesions of cerebrum with age and sex incidence and to find the incidence between neoplastic and non-neoplastic lesions and correlation with radiological appearance and histopathological findings of the lesions. Materials and Methods: A present study including of 150 cases of cerebral lesions. All surgical biopsies were taken at department of Neurosurgery and then send for the histopathology examination in department of Pathology of Smt. N.H.L. Municipal Medical College attached with Sheth V.S. General Hospital, Ahmedabad, Gujarat from July 2011 to June 2013. Results: Out of these total 150 biopsies, 100 were diagnosed as neoplastic lesions and 50 were diagnosed as non-neoplastic lesions. Among the neoplastic lesions, majority cases were of Gliomas (82%). Among the non-neoplastic lesions, majority cases were of infectious origin (60%). Out of total 82 cases of gliomas, 64 were of astrocytic Gliomas (78%). The peak age incidence for patients with neoplastic lesions was the 4th and 5th decade while that for benign lesions was 1st and 3rd decade. The male to female ratio was 2.7:1. Summary and Conclusion: Among the 100 neoplastic lesions most common was Gliomas. Among the glioma, most common was the Astrocytoma (78%) which was followed by the oligodendroglioma (11%) and then Ependymoma (6%). Overall male: female ratio was 2.7:1 in the patient with Glial tumors. Out of 50 non neoplastic cerebral lesions, 30 (60%) were of infectious origin. Keywords: Astrocytoma, Cerebral lesions, Glioma, Histopathology examination.
Current Pathology Techniques" Symposium Review: Advances and Issues in Neuropathology
Toxicologic Pathology, 2008
Our understanding of the mechanisms that incite neurological diseases has progressed rapidly in recent years, mainly owing to the advent of new research instruments and our increasingly facile ability to assemble large, complex data sets acquired across several disciplines into an integrated representation of neural function at the molecular, cellular, and systemic levels. This mini-review has been designed to communicate the principal technical advances and current issues of importance in neuropathology research today in the context of our traditional neuropathology practices. Specific topics briefly addressed in this paper include correlative biology of the many facets of the nervous system; conventional and novel methods for investigating neural structure and function; theoretical and technical issues associated with investigating neuropathology end points in emerging areas of concern (developmental neurotoxicity, neurodegenerative conditions); and challenges and opportunities that will face pathologists in this field in the foreseeable future. We have organized this information in a manner that we hope will be of interest not only to professionals with a career focus in neuropathology, but also to general pathologists who occasionally face neuropathology questions.
Essential and current methods for a practical approach to comparative neuropathology
Folia Morphologica, 2015
The understanding of mechanisms that provoke neurological diseases in humans and in animals has progressed rapidly in recent years, mainly due to the advent of new research instruments and our increasing liability to assemble large, complex data sets acquired across several approaches into an integrated representation of neural function at the molecular, cellular, and systemic levels. Nevertheless, morphology always represents the essential approaches that are crucial for any kind of interpretation of the lesions or to explain new molecular pathways in the diseases. This mini-review has been designed to illustrate the newest and also well-established principal methods for the nervous tissue collection and processing as well as to describe the histochemical and immunohistochemical staining tools that are currently most suitable for a neuropathological assessment of the central nervous system. We also present the results of our neuropathological studies covering material from 170 cases belonging to 10 different species of mammals. Specific topics briefly addressed in this paper provide a technical and practical guide not only for researchers that daily focus their effort on neuropathology studies, but also to pathologists who occasionally have to approach to nervous tissue evaluation to answer questions about neuropathology issues.
The Use of Neuroimaging to Guide the Histologic Diagnosis of Central Nervous System Lesions
Advances in Anatomic Pathology, 2012
Recent advances in neuroimaging techniques, particularly in magnetic resonance imaging, have led to substantially improved spatial anatomic resolution such that subtle or small central nervous system lesions, which could go undetected on gross examination of brain sections, are now readily identified on imaging. Although neuroimaging is generally considered the surrogate of gross neuropathology, it is still not a substitute for tissue diagnosis. Rather, it can be a valuable tool for the surgical pathologist in the process of formulating a differential diagnosis based on location and imaging features, as well as in identifying radiologic/pathologic discordance, such as the possible undersampling of a heterogenous glioma, which could lead to underestimation of the tumor grade. The following review focuses on the application of neuroimaging techniques, mainly magnetic resonance imaging, to the histologic diagnosis of central nervous system lesions, and the correlation of imaging features of infiltrative gliomas with histologic findings pertinent to tumor grading. The use of advanced functional magnetic resonance methods, specifically diffusion-weighted imaging, perfusion-weighted imaging, and magnetic resonance spectroscopy is also discussed, as well as the common pitfalls in imaging interpretation.