Computerized tomographic morphometric analysis of the cervical spine (original) (raw)
Related papers
International Journal of Anatomy and Research
Background: Cervical vertebrae have a typical feature that is presence of foramen bilaterally in their transverse process which is named as foramen transversarium through it passes vertebral artery, vertebral vein and sympathetic plexus of nerves. Among these cervical vertebrae typical cervical vertebrae have a typical bifid spine along with foramen transversarium. Deformation and variations of this foramen may affect the anatomical course of vascular and neural structures, and consequently may cause pathological conditions. Objectives: To observe the anatomical variations in the foramen transversarium of typical cervical vertebrae. Materials and Methods: Present work was carried on 163 dry typical (C3-C6) cervical vertebrae of unknown sex and age. Each vertebra was observed for shape, symmetry and number of foramen transversarium present in both transverse processes of cervical vertebra. Also we observed presence of any bony spicules in foramen transversarium. Results: We found accessary foramen transversarium in 24 (14.72%) vertebrae. Among these 16 (9.81%) vertebrae were having bilateral and 8 (4.90%) vertebrae had unilateral accessary foramen transversarium. We classified foramen transversarium according to the shape and direction of the main diameter of foramen into seven types. Conclusions: Anatomical knowledge of these variations is helpful for spine surgeons in preoperative planning and for preventing injury of vertebral vessel along with sympathetic nerves during cervical surgical approaches.
Morphological study of cervical spinal body and vertebral body anatomy: CT scan based
International Surgery Journal, 2021
The morphometery of the cervical spine is of clinical importance in traumatic, degenerative and inflammatory condition. Detailed knowledge of cervical spine morphometery is critical for understanding the pathology of certain diseases and for proper planning. Lateral X rays do not provide the necessary accuracy. The measurements can be used as a reference and diagnostic tool for various spine pathology. In the past, several efforts have been conducted to accurately measure cervical spine canal’s diameter, in patients with degenerative canal stenosis. Nevertheless, plain x-ray measurements lacked compatibility due to differences in magnification and lack of axial view. CT scan can replace older conventional radiography techniques by providing more accurate measurements on anatomical elements of the cervical spine and instrument application. The aims of this study was to a prospective CT morphometric analysis of cervical spine canal to determine the mid-sagittal, AP Transverse diameter...
Dimensions and Anatomical Variants of the Foramen Transversarium of Typical Cervical Vertebrae
Anatomy Research International, 2015
The study was conducted on random sample of seventy-one dried, typical cervical vertebrae (C3–C6). The data on the age, sex, and built was not available. Using vernier calipers with 0.01 mm accuracy, the anteroposterior and transverse diameters of transverse foramina and their distance from the medial margin of the uncinate process were measured bilaterally. The mean diameter of the right/left transverse foramen varied from 2.54 mm to 7.79 mm (mean = 5.55 ± 0.87 mm) and from 2.65 mm to 7.35 mm (mean = 5.48 ± 0.77 mm), respectively. The transverse foramen was less than 3.5 mm in three vertebrae on the right and two on the left. The osteocytes observed in 21.3% of specimens and the narrow transverse foramen may place patients at risk for vertebrobasilar insufficiency or thrombus formation. The mean distance of the transverse foramen from the medial margin of uncinate process is an important landmark to avoid vertebral artery laceration and was 5.0 ± 0.87 mm (range: 3.5–7.9 mm) on the ...
Anatomical Variations of the Foramen Transversarium in Cervical Vertebrae
International Journal of Morphology
The cervical vertebrae are recognized mainly by the presence of the foramen transversarium, which is crossed by the vertebral artery and vein, accompanied by sympathetic fibers. The main objective of this study was to observe and describe the anatomy and variations in the foramen transversarium. 121 cervical vertebrae were analyzed, including the macroscopic characteristics, shape and diameter and presence of the foramen transversarium, as well as the accessory foramen transversarium. All cervical vertebrae presented the foramen transversarium, with a mean diameter of 5.60 mm and a mean diameter of 4.40 mm on the right and 5.92 mm-5.56 mm on the left, respectively. With regard to shape classification according to Taitz et al. (1978), 90.08 % presented the same shape on both sides, and 9.91 % had different shapes. The presentation of the different shapes was as follows: shape 1 41.32 %; shape 2 4.13 %; shape 3 18.8 %; shape 4 14.04 %; and shape 5 12.39 %. Regarding the presence of accessory foramen transversarium, 17.35 % of the vertebrae presented it, 66.6 % unilateral, 57.14 % on the right side and 42.85 % on the left side. Osteophytes, were presented in 5.7 %. The anatomical knowledge of these variations is useful for spine surgeons in preoperative planning and for preventing vertebral vessel and sympathetic nerve injuries during cervical surgical approaches.
Indian Journal of Clinical Anatomy and Physiology, 2018
Introduction: The Foramen Transversarium (FT) is a identification feature of cervical vertebrae which differentiate it from the other vertebrae. It is present in the the transverse process of vertebrae. Vertebral artery is pass through this foramen which important for blood supply for brain. Aim and Objective: To study the anatomical variation in foramen transversarium in cervical vertebrae very important for purpose of diagnostic and surgical important for Surgeon, Radiologist and Neurosurgeon. Material and Method: In our study, we included 175 dried cervical vertebrae from department of anatomy to detect double foramen FT present in transverse process in cervical vertebrae. Vertebrae with anatomical variation were photographed. Result: In our study, we found total 24 vertebrae having double FT out of 175 cervical vertebrae. Which include 12 vertebrae having bilateral double FT and 12 vertebrae having unilateral double FT. Conclusion: Knowledge of this type of anatomical variation in foramen transversarium is important for cervical approach during spine surgery to prevent injury of vascular structures.
International Journal of Anatomy and Research, 2017
The occurrence of vertebrobasilar insufficiency caused by rotation of the head has been reported due to thickened fibroligamentous structures, osteophyte formation, duplication of foramen transversarium, and congenital absence of the foramen transversarium. The size and variations of the foramen transversarium plays an important role in vertebrobasillar insufficiency. The present study was carried out on the anatomical variations of foramen transversarium. Materials and Methods: The present study was carried out on 50 dry adult subaxial cervical vertebrae. Among that 40 were typical and 10 were seventh cervical vertebrae. All the foramen transversaria were observed for any anatomical variations and recorded. The anteroposterior and transverse diameters of all the foramen transversaria and the distance between the medial margins of uncinate process to the foramen transversarium were measured with the double tipped compass and the digital vernier calipers. Results: The average transverse diameter of typical cervical vertebrae and seventh cervical vertebrae were 5.45 ± 0.84mm and 5.13 ± 1.22mm respectively. The average anteroposterior diameters of typical and seventh cervical vertebrae were 4.84 ± 0.69 mm and 3.91 ± 1.17mm respectively. The distance from medial border of uncinate process to foramen transversaria was 4.28 ± 0.77mm in typical and 5.44 ± 1.28mm in seventh cervical vertebare. The incidence of double bubble foramen in typical cervical vertebrae was reported as 17.5%. The incidence of double foramen transversaria was 12.5% in seventh cervical vertebrae. Osteophytes were obstructing the foramen transversarium and narrowing it in 25% vertebrae. Conclusion: The knowledge on the variations, dimensions and the distance between the medial borders of the uncinate process to foramen may be helpful for the neurosurgeons while performing decompression of artery through anterior approach to cervical spine.
Clinical implications morphometric study of the cervical spine on MRI
International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2019
Degenerative changes, history of trauma or inflammation usually progressed to cervical spinal canal stenosis. This condition leads to cervical spondylosis neuropraxia and cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM). SAC (space available for the cord) value is important to understand the symptoms of spinal cord compression in cervical canal stenosis. The aim of our study is to establish cervical spinal canal morphometry in Western Maharashtra population observed by MRI of cervical region.70 subjects aged between 18-70 years. The sagittal vertebral body diameter, the sagittal spinal canal diameter and the sagittal spinal-cord diameter were measured at the C3-C7 level. The SAC was determined. For each variable a two-way ANOVA was performed, sagittal canal diameter, sagittal spinal cord diameter and SAC were significant with p-value P< 0.0001**. Mean vertebral body diameters observed were 1.49-1.51. Values of SAC observed were C3-1.5 cm, C4-1.51cm, C5-1.49cm, C6-1.5cm, C7-1.49cm. Average sagittal spinal canal diameter from C3-C7 was 14.1± 1.3 mm. The range of SAC was between 6.4-9.5mm, least at the C5 level. We conclude that subjects in our study do not have an increased risk of spinal cord compression.
Morphometric analysis of cervical canal by computerized tomography (CT) scan in north Indians
International journal of health sciences
Introduction: Cervical spinal stenosis is a common disease that results in considerable morbidity and disability. It requires prompt diagnosis and treatment to prevent long-term disabilities secondary to irreversible spinal cord injury. The bodies of the cervical vertebrae are smaller in size compared with those of other vertebrae and function to protect the spinal cord, support the head, and allow movement of the head (in flexion, extension, and rotation). Material and Methods: This is a Case control prospective study conducted at Santosh Medical College, Ghaziabad and Mayo Institute of Medical Sciences, Barabanki, Uttar Pradesh. The present study was conducted in the Department of Anatomy and Radio diagnosis. Diagnosed cases of (Neck pain) with suspected cervical canal stenosis and facet joint arthrosis from OPD of Department of Orthopedics and Neurology of Santosh Medical referred to Radio diagnosis department for CT scan was chosen as subject. Result: In our study, results sugge...