Preliminary Phytochemical Analysis and in Vitro Antibacterial Activity of Bark and Seeds of Ethiopian (original) (raw)
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Journal of Experimental Pharmacology
The emergence and spread of resistant microbes continue to be a major public health concern. Effective treatment alternatives, particularly from traditionally used medicinal plants, are needed. Objective: The main objective of this study was to conduct phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity evaluation of selected traditionally used medicinal plants in Ethiopia. Methods: The ethnomedicinal use value frequency index (FI) was used to select twelve medicinal plants. Phytochemical classes of compounds were screened using different standard methods. Anti-microbial activities of plant extracts were evaluated against Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans. Minimum inhibitory concentrations were measured using the broth micro-dilution method. The data were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21.0 and the findings were presented descriptively and using non parametric one-way ANOVA analysis (Kruskal-Wallis/Ddunn's test). Results: The phytochemical constituents identified were flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides, phenols, saponins, steroids, and terpenoids, with flavonoids, alkaloids, and phenols being the most abundant. The crude extracts and chloroform fractions of the extracts showed an activity against the tested strains. The crude extract of Thalictrum rhynchocarpum Quart.-Dill. and A.Rich root demonstrated superior activity against all the tested strains with the lowest minimum inhibitory concentrations of 0.48 μg/mL against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli; 0.98 μg/mL against Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa; and 3.90 μg/mL against Candida albicans, which are even better than the reference drug, gentamicin and clotrimazole. Conclusion: The majority of evaluated medicinal plants demonstrated remarkable activity against tested microbial strains, which can be attributed to the presence of secondary metabolites of different classes of compounds. The finding provided scientific evidence for the use of these traditionally used medicinal plants.
Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2005
In the indigenous health care delivery system of Ethiopia, numerous plant species are used to treat diseases of infectious origin. Regardless of the number of species, if any of such claims could be verified scientifically, the potential significance for the improvement of the health care services would be substantial. The objective of this study was, therefore, to determine the presence of anti-microbial activity in the crude extracts of some of the commonly used medicinal plants as well as to identify the class of compounds in the plants that were subjected to such screening. Thus, the crude methanol, petroleum ether and aqueous extracts of 67 plant species were subjected to preliminary screening against 10 strains of bacterial species and 6 fungal strains using the agar dilution method. A sample concentration of 250-2000 g/ml and 500-4000 g/ml were used for the bacterial and fungal pathogens, respectively. The results indicated that 44 different plant species exhibited activity against one or more of the bacteria while one species, viz., Albizzia gummifera showed activity against all the 10 bacteria at different gradient of dilution. Twenty three species inhibited or retarded growth of one or more organisms at dilution as low as 250 g/ml. Extracts of same plants species were also tested against six different fungal pathogenic agents of which eight species showed growth inhibition against one or more of the organisms. Trichila emetica and Dovyalis abyssinica, which inhibited growth of four and five fungal strains at 100 ug/ml concentration, respectively, were the most promising plants. Chemical screening conducted on the extracts of all the plants showed the presence of several secondary metabolites, mainly, polyphenols, alkaloids, tannins sterols/terpenes, saponins and glycosides. The plants containing more of these metabolites demonstrated stronger anti-microbial properties stressing the need for further investigations using fractionated extracts and purified chemical components.
African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines, 2011
The phytochemical constituent and some antioxidant indices of ethanolic leaf extract of Azadirachtaindica were evaluated. A. indica.was found to contain some secondary metabolites like alkaloids, phenolic compounds, terpenoids, flavonoids, steroids and reducing sugar. The total phenolic content, reducing power and H 2 O 2 scavenging activity are 3.04±0.03mg/g garlic acid equivalent, 0.45±O.01 and 10.15± 1.14 respectively. This shows that the plant has antioxidant activity, the phytochemical constituent explain why the plant has been used as antimicrobial agents for preventing and treating microorganisms infections.
The Antimicrobial Efficacy and Phytochemical Analysis of the Stem Bark of Azadirachta indica (Neem)
Abstract Keystone symposium , 2019
Plants have been a source of herbal remedy throughout the history of mankind. Worldwide, various medicinal plants are used to treat ailments and diseases. Azadirachta indica (Neem) is used in traditional medicine as a source of many therapeutic agents in the Chinese and African cultures. The anti-microbial efficacy of the stem back of Azadirachta indica was evaluated using its solvent extracts. The solvents used were Petroleum ether (PE), Hexane (HE), Methanol (ME), Water. Four different bacterial isolates and one fungal isolate were used in the study. The bacterial isolates were Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. The fungal isolate was Candida tropicalis. Antibiotic sensitivity of the bacterial isolates was tested using standard Gram positive and Gram negative antibiotic sensitivity discs. Agar well diffusion technique was used in investigating the efficacy of the solvent extracts of the stem bark of Azadirachta indica. It was observed that the Petroleum ether (PE), Ethanol (EE) and Hexane (HE) extracts of the stem bark of Azadirachta indica were effective on Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida tropicalis at undiluted concentration (100%) and diluted concentrations (133.3mg/ml and 100mg/ml). None of the solvent extracts used in concentration (100%) and diluted concentrations (133.3mg/ml and 100mg/ml). None of the solvent extracts used in this investigation was effective on Escherichia coli. Escherichia coli was susceptible to the actions of ofloxacin, gentamicin and nitrofurantoin. Klebsiella pneumonia was susceptible to the actions of ofloxacin. Phytochemical analysis of the stem bark of Azadirachta indica showed the presence of alkaloids, steroids and anthraquinones.
Evaluation of the Antibacterial Potential of Azadirachta indica Leaf Extracts
The current investigation was designed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of leaf extracts of Azadirachta indica (Meliaceae) commonly known as neem against some gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and gram-negative (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas florescence) bacteria by disc diffusion method. Phytochemical studies show the presence of saponins, tannins, glycosides, flavonoids, steroids, coumarins and alkaloids. Ethanol extracts (50 mg/mL) exhibited the highest activity 12, 20, mm zone of inhibition [s. aureus and E. coli], Petroleum-ether extracts (or control) exhibit the least activity.
The present study was carried out to screen and evaluate antimicrobial activity of leaf extracts of Azadirachta indica A. Juss. Petroleum ether, dichloromethane, chloroform, ethanol and aqueous extract of leaves of A. indica were tested against selected Gram positive and Gram negative bacterial species. Phytochemical leaf extracts of A. indica exhibited significant anti-bacterial activity against all the test microorganisms. However, inhibitory activities of the leaf extracts were both organism and solvent dependent. The leaf extracts limited the growth of both Gram-positive and
Neem: Antibacterial properties, 2023
Traditional medicines such as Azadirachta indica (A. indica) possess medicinal properties that should be explored in drug discovery to combat infectious diseases and antimicrobial resistance. This study provided insights into the antibacterial activities of A. indica. This narrative review utilised Google Scholar and PubMed to search for articles that were published from January 2000 to September 2023 on the antibacterial activities of A. indica. The study found that A. indica has activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, and other bacteria. The antibacterial activities of A. indica were reported to be due to its phytochemical content such as phenolics, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, terpenoids, fatty acids, and alkaloids. This review found that A. indica has antimicrobial activity against some Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria due to the presence of phytochemicals. There is a need to increase investment in drug discovery and the integration of traditional medicine into the healthcare system.
Pharmaceutical Biology, 2014
Context: Traditional medicinal plants have long been used in Ethiopia to treat human and livestock ailments. Despite a well-documented rich tradition of medicinal plant use in the country, their direct antimicrobial effects are still poorly known. Objective: To investigate the antimicrobial activity of 19 medicinal plant species that were selected based on the ethnobotanical information on their traditional use to treat infectious diseases in Ankober District. Methods: About 23 different ethanol extracts of plants obtained by maceration of various parts of 19 medicinal plant species were studied for potential antimicrobial activity using a broth microdilution method against Bacillus cereus, Bacteroides fragilis, Candida albicans, Clostridium perfringens, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella enteritidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Streptococcus pyogenes. Results: Plant extracts from Embelia schimperi Vatke (Myrsinaceae) showed the strongest antibacterial activity with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 64 mg/ml against B. cereus, L. monocytogenes, and S. pyogenes. Growth inhibitory activities were also observed for extracts of Ocimum lamiifolium Hochst. (Lamiaceae) against S. pyogenes, and those of Rubus steudneri Schweinf. (Rosaceae) against S. epidermidis at an MIC value of 128 mg/ml. Generally, 74% of ethanol extracts (17 extracts) showed antimicrobial activity against one or more of the microbial strains tested at an MIC value of 512 mg/ml or below. Discussion and conclusions: Results confirm the antimicrobial role of traditional medicinal plants of Ankober and warrant further investigations on promising medicinal plant species so as to isolate and characterise chemicals responsible for the observed strong antimicrobial activities.
Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of Azadirachta indica bark extract
The Pharma Innovation Journal, 2019
Antimicrobial activity in bark extract of neem (Azadirachta indica) against human pathogenic bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antimicrobial activities of chloroform and alcoholic extracts of neem bark were used. Varying concentration of each extracts 1250 mg/ml, 625 mg/ml, 312mg/ml, 156mg/ml were prepared by using disc diffusion method. When compared with cefpodoxime 500mg the chloroform and ethanol extract shows maximum inhibition on the microorganisms in ascending order.