New Sites Discovered in the Yozgat Archaeological Research Project (original) (raw)
Fundstelle von Hacılar teilen. Derzeitige Ausgrabungen entlang der ägäischen Küste der Türkei und in der erweiterten Marmara-Region, auf halbem Weg zwischen Hacılar und Europa, bestätigen diese Verbindung und vermitteln jetzt ein deutlich komplexeres und akkurateres Bild der Ausbreitung des Neolithikums nach Südosteuropa. Die nochmalige Evaluierung der absoluten und relativen Chronologien, die in dieser Arbeit vorgeschlagen werden, identifizieren drei chrono-geographische Horizonte (zwei definitive, ein mutmaßlicher), jeder charakterisiert durch ein unterschiedliches neolithisches 'Paket'. Es sind wiederholte Migrationen aus dem Zentralanatolischen Plateau, und darüber hinaus aus der Levante, die in der zweiten Hälfte des 7. Jahrtausends vor Christus wahrscheinlich die neolithische Lebens-und Wirtschaftsweise nach Europa gebracht haben. Nachweise für noch frühere neolithische Ausbreitungen bleiben hingegen nach wie vor unsicher. Les découvertes récentes en Anatolie de l'Ouest apportent un éclairage nouveau sur l'origine des premiers fermiers européens. Il y a cinquante ans, James Mellaart suggérait que les communautés du Néolithique Ancien en Grèce et dans les Balkans résultaient d'une ascendance commune en Anatolie de l'Ouest, plus précisément à Hacılar. Les fouilles en cours sur les côtes Turques de la Mer Égée et sur le pourtour de la Mer de Marmara, à mi-chemin entre Hacılar et l'Europe, confirment ce lien et donnent une vision plus précise et plus complexe des processus de diffusion du Néolithique dans le Sud-Est Européen. Le réexamen des chronologies absolue et relative proposé dans cet article permet d'identifier trois horizons chrono-géographiques (deux confirmés, un troisième reste à établir), caractérisés chacun par un 'bagage' néolithique différent. Des migrations successives à partir du Plateau Central Anatolien et, plus en amont, du Levant, dans la seconde moitié du 7 ème millénaire avant J.-C. ont probablement diffusé le mode de vie et de subsistance néolithique à l'Europe. L'existence de diffusions néolithiques plus anciennes reste cependant incertaine. Recent discoveries in Western Anatolia have shed new light on the origins of Europe's first farmers. Fifty years ago, James Mellaart suggested that Early Neolithic communities in Greece and the Balkans shared a common ancestry in Western Anatolia at the site of Hacılar. Current excavations conducted along the Aegean coast of Turkey and in the broader Marmara region, halfway between Hacılar and Europe, confirm this link and provide a more complex and accurate picture of the spread of farming to Southeast Europe. The re-evaluation of the absolute and relative chronologies proposed in this paper identifies three chrono-geographical horizons (two definite, one tentative), each characterised by a different Neolithic 'package'. Repeated migrations from the Central Anatolian plateau, and further on from the Levant, probably spread farming to Europe in the second half of the 7 th millennium BC. The evidence for earlier Neolithic dispersals remains ambiguous. Phase Sample material Provenience Lab. No. Date BP cal BC 1 cal BC 2
The Central/Western Anatolian Farming Frontier (26th April 2016)
As evidence accumulates that Neolithic expansion in Eurasia involved standstills, punctuated by rapid advances, this workshop will explore the hypothesis that the apparent lag in Neolithic occupation between Central and Western Anatolia reflected an actual frontier, where farming expansion was halted. Radiometric measurements indicate that the advent of food production in Western Anatolia was delayed by up to 2,000 calibrated years – potentially making it the longest standstill in Neolithic history. While ongoing excavations in the Konya Plain and Cappadocia have traced back the origins of sedentary farming in Central Anatolia to the second half of the 9 th millennium BC cal., not a single farming site in Western Anatolia has produced consistent evidence for pre-c. 7,000 BC cal. occupation, despite intensive research strategies over the last 20 years targeting early human occupation. Although admitting that the issue under consideration is heavily dependent on the state of research, and that future discoveries may alter the current chronological imbalance, the recent completion or near-completion of several major archaeological digs in Western Anatolia provide, in our opinion, an excellent opportunity for a roundup and the production of the first comprehensive synthesis on this subject. In this respect, another originality of the workshop is that it will bring together researchers working in Central and Western Anatolia, where research has traditionally proceeded in isolation.
Anatolian farmers in Europe: Migrations and cultural transformation in Early Neolithic period
Kahraman, N., Durust, Ç. & Yılmaz, T. (eds.) Proceeding book of 1st International Symposium on Migration and Culture (Vol. 2): 519-532, 2016
Humans first started farming and domesticating animals around 9000 B.C. in the Levant and Central Anatolia. The managing process of different plant and animal species was spreading from the Central Anatolia to Southern and Western Anatolia during 8th millennium B.C. and in 7th millennium B.C. into southeast Europe by Anatolian farmers. Furthermore, this process appeared in central Europe and eventually in northwestern Europe in the middle of 6th millennium B.C. Archaeological evidences testifies this migrations and cultural exchange of Anatolian farmers which enforced the neolithiszation in Europe and inevitably changed Europe’s face forever. This presentation is aimed to give a glimpse of that migration and the cultural transformation process from the Central Anatolia to Europe 11-8000 years ago.
2019
The spread of farming in Europe is usually thought of as a straightforward case of diffusion from a centre, or centres, of domestication in southwest Asia, to a periphery in which resources were simply not available for agriculture to develop independently. While this narrative still holds true, broadly speaking – for instance, there is a definite gradient in arrival time of agriculture from southeast to northwest Europe – farming expansion appears to be more complex than initially anticipated. Instead of the linear expansion at a pace of 1km per year projected by Albert Ammerman and Luigi Cavalli-Sforza (1971), for example, we are confronted with an alternation of phases in which farming rapidly swept into regions the size of modern European countries, and phases in which farming expansion unexpectedly stopped for hundreds or even thousands of years. In western Anatolia, farming expansion was delayed by up to 2000 calibrated years, when compared with the uptake of farming in central Anatolia. If there was genuinely a spatial segregation between the origins of agriculture and the spread of Neolithic economies, as argued here, it is not clear where one process stopped and where the other one began. Anatolia lies at the juncture of the two, and that is precisely what makes this region crucial for our understanding of farming expansion in western Eurasia. This introduction to the volume on the central/western Anatolian farming frontier addresses three broad issues: (1) When was farming adopted in central Anatolia, western Anatolia, and beyond? (2) How was farming adopted in Anatolia? Piecemeal? As an integrated ‘package’? Or both? and (3) Who spread farming?
Early Farmers in Northwestern Anatolia in the Seventh Millennium BC / 2019
CONCLUDING THE NEOLITHIC The Near East in the Second Half of the Seventh Millennium BC EDITED BY ARKADIUSZ MARCINIAK, 2019
Until the beginning of this century, the prehistoric periods in northwestern Anatolia were less well known than other regions of the peninsula. With the recent excavation of five settlements dating to this period, it is today a relatively well-researched part of Anatolia. Preferences on site locations, architectural tradition, and village settings display clear differences between the sites despite a common material culture. Those sites dating roughly to the second half of the seventh millennium BC are discussed in this article in order to understand dynamics of the neolithization process in the region.
Agricultural origins on the Anatolian plateau
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2018
This paper explores the explanations for, and consequences of, the early appearance of food production outside the Fertile Crescent of Southwest Asia, where it originated in the 10th/9th millennia cal BC. We present evidence that cultivation appeared in Central Anatolia through adoption by indigenous foragers in the mid ninth millennium cal BC, but also demonstrate that uptake was not uniform, and that some communities chose to actively disregard cultivation. Adoption of cultivation was accompanied by experimentation with sheep/goat herding in a system of low-level food production that was integrated into foraging practices rather than used to replace them. Furthermore, rather than being a short-lived transitional state, low-level food production formed part of a subsistence strategy that lasted for several centuries, although its adoption had significant long-term social consequences for the adopting community at Boncuklu. Material continuities suggest that Boncuklu's community...