Influence of lipid supplementation on milk components and fatty acid profile (original) (raw)
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Distribution of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers and other fatty acids in polar and neutral fractions of milk from cows fed different lipid supplements ¤ Distribución de isómeros de ácido linoléico conjugado (CLA) y ácidos grasos en las fracciones neutra y polar de la leche de vacas alimentadas con diferentes suplementos lipídicos Distribuição de isômeros do acido linoleico conjugado (CLA) e outros ácidos graxos nas frações polares e neutras no leite de vacas alimentadas com diferentes suplementos lipídicos Summary Background: milk fatty acid composition has become very important for consumers due to the positive relationship that has been found between some fatty acids and human health. In recent years, content and fatty acid composition in the different fractions of milk lipids has also become important due to reported potential technological and sensory implications. Objective: the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of dietary supplementation with several lipid supplements on the proportion of neutral (triglycerides) and polar lipids (phospholipids) of milk fat, alterations of the fatty acid composition and Conjugated Linolenic Acid isomers (CLA) of total milk lipids. Methods: 18 first lactation German Holstein cows were assigned to three dietary treatments for 10 weeks as follows: Rumen-stable fractionated palm fat, linseed oil plus algae, and sunflower oil plus algae. Results: dietary polyunsaturated fat supplements increased the proportion of phospholipids and decreased triglycerides in milk fat compared to Rumen-stable fractionated palm fat. Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids were preferentially deposited into phospholipids. Diet effect was more pronounced in triglycerides than in phospholipids. Plant oil/algae supplemented diets induced lower proportions of total saturated fatty acids and higher proportions of total unsaturated fatty acids in triglycerides. Conclusions: linseed oil plus algae feeding generated the best results in reference to fatty acids related to human health. Sunflower oil plus algae caused accumulation of CLAtrans-10,
Lipid Supplementation of Dairy Cows' Diets: Effects on Milk Fat Composition
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 1996
The influence of supplementation of diets with some lipid sources (i.e., whole cottonseeds, flaked whole soybean seeds, and calcium soaps) on the composition of milk fat from dairy cows, bred in 50 farms of the Brescia province, was evaluated; 117 bulk milk samples were collected, and the lipid fraction was analyzed. Considerable variations in the composition of both fatty acids and triglycerides were detected, and these variations showed a good correlation with the amount of crude lipids in diets. The application of ratios between fatty acids as an index for butterfat purity is ineffective due to the modifications of the fatty acid composition. JF960022Y X Abstract published in Advance ACS Abstracts, September 15, 1996.
Animal Research, 2005
The objective of this study was to observe the effect of supplementation with vegetable oils (VO) on the fatty acid profiles and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) content of milk fat. Twelve dairy cows in mid lactation fed on pasture were blocked by body weight, milk production and days in lactation and randomly allocated from blocks to 3 treatments repeated in a Latin square design with periods of 28 day duration. The treatments were as follows: cows on pasture supplemented with 5 kg concentrate per head per day (C), supplemented with 4.5 kg concentrate + 0.5 kg sunflower oil per head per day (SFO) and supplemented with 4.5 kg concentrate + 0.5 kg soybean oil per head per day (SBO). The animals were grazed as a group and were stocked at 2.5 heads per hectare. The treatments had no effect on milk yield or protein yield and content, but decreased milk fat yield and content (P < 0.05). Milk fat from the cows supplemented with VO had a lower concentration of short and medium chain fatty acids (P < 0.05) and a higher concentration of long chain fatty acids (P < 0.05). The addition of VO to the diet also resulted in a reduction in saturated and an increase in unsaturated fatty acids of milk fat (P < 0.05). The hypercholesterolemic fatty acids in milk fat (i.e. C12:0, C14:0 and C16:0) decreased while the concentration of oleic and linoleic acids increased with VO (P < 0.05). There was no effect on linolenic acid. Finally, the inclusion of VO in the diet increased (P < 0.05) the contents in milk fat of the various cis/trans isomers of oleic acid (including trans-vacenic, TVA) and of CLA which increased by 61%.
Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 2012
BACKGROUND: The present study investigated tissue-specific responses of muscle and mammary gland to a 10 week intervention of German Holstein cows (n = 18) with three different dietary fat supplements (saturated fat; linseed oil or sunflower oil plus docosahexaenoic acid-rich algae) by analysing fatty acid profiles and quality parameters of meat and milk. RESULTS: Plant oil/algae intervention affected neither fat content nor quality parameters of meat but decreased fat content and saturated fatty acid amounts of milk. Linseed oil/algae intervention caused significantly higher concentrations of C18:3n-3 (meat, 1.0 g per 100 g; milk, 1.2 g per 100 g) and C22:6n-3 (meat, 0.3 g per 100 g; milk, 0.14 g per 100 g). Sunflower oil/algae intervention increased n-6 fatty acid contents in milk (4.0 g per 100 g) but not in meat. Elevated amounts of C18 : 1trans isomers and C18 : 1trans-11 were found in meat and especially in milk of plant oil/algae-fed cows. C18 : 1cis-9 amounts were found to be increased in milk but decreased in meat after plant oil/algae intervention. CONCLUSION: The present study demonstrated that dietary fatty acid manipulation substantially shifted the fatty acid profiles of milk and to a lesser extent of meat, whereas meat quality traits were not affected. Indications of tissue-specific responses of mammary gland and muscle were identified.
Journal of Dairy Science
Effects on fatty acid profiles and milk fat yield due to dietary concentrate and supplemental 18:3n-3 were evaluated in 4 lactating Holstein cows fed a low-(35:65 concentrate:forage; L) or high-(65:35; H) concentrate diet without (LC, HC) added oil or with linseed oil (LCO, HCO) at 3% of DM. A 4 × 4 Latin square with four 4wk periods was used. Milk yield and dry matter intake averaged 26.7 and 20.2 kg/d, respectively, across treatments. Plasma acetate and β-hydroxybutyrate decreased, whereas glucose, nonesterified fatty acids, and leptin increased with high-concentrate diets. Milk fat percentage was lower in cows fed high-concentrate diets (2.31 vs. 3.38), resulting in decreases in yield of 11 (HC) and 42% (HCO). Reduced yields of 8:0-16:0 and cis9-18:1 fatty acids accounted for 69 and 17%, respectively, of the decrease in milk fat yield with HC vs. LC (−90 g/d), and for 26 and 33%, respectively, of the decrease with HCO vs. LCO (−400 g/d). Total trans-18:1 yield increased by 25 (HCO) and 59 (LCO) g/d with oil addition. Trans10-18:1 yield was 5-fold greater with highconcentrate diets. Trans11-18:1 increased by 13 (HCO) and 19 (LCO) g/d with oil addition. Trans13+14-18:1 yield increased by 9 (HCO) and 18 (LCO) g/d with linseed oil. Yield of total conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) in milk averaged 6 g/d with LC or HC compared with 14 g/d with LCO or HCO. Cis9,trans11-CLA yield was not affected by concentrate level but increased by 147% in response to oil. Feeding oil increased yields of trans11,cis13-, trans11,trans13-, and trans,trans-CLA, primarily with LCO. Trans10,cis12-CLA yield (average of 0.08 g/d) was not affected by treatments. Yield of trans11,cis15-18:2 was 1 g/d in cows fed LC or HC and 10 g/d with LCO or HCO.
Effect of diet on the fatty acid pattern of milk from dairy cows
Animal Research, 2004
Twelve dairy cows 130 days in milk were sorted by milk production and body weight and assigned to three feeding regimens in a 3 × 3 Latin-square design, in order to study the effects of diet on milk fatty acid (FA) composition. The cows were fed a total mixed ration (TMR) consisting of corn silage (60%) and concentrate (40%) on dry matter basis, or grazed pasture, without (P) or with 5 kg·d -1 concentrate as a supplement (SP). Supplemented grazing dairy cows produced significantly more milk than the cows on the TMR and P diets (P < 0.05). The supplementation of grazing dairy cows with a low fat concentrate did not significantly affect the milk fat FA profile. The pasture diet, with a supplement or not, decreased the concentration of saturated FA (P < 0.05) and increased the concentration of unsaturated FA (P < 0.05), of milk fat as compared to the TMR diet. The reduction in medium-chain FA was offset in large part by increases in long-chain FA (mainly oleic acid). The concentrations of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) (P < 0.05) and trans-vaccenic acid were higher (P < 0.05) in the milk fat from the grazing cows. The results showed substantial variation among individual cows within treatments on milk fat content of CLA. Significant correlations were found for individual cow's milk fat CLA content across diets. Overall, this study indicates that the concentration of CLA in milk fat is enhanced by the dietary intake of pasture and that moderate low fat concentrate supplementation of grazing dairy cows increases performance without compromising the FA profile of milk fat. conjugated linoleic acid / dairy cow / fatty acid / milk fat / pasture / total mixed ration Résumé -Effet du régime alimentaire sur la composition en acides gras de la matière grasse du lait chez la vache. Douze vaches laitières, en lactation depuis 130 jours, ont été réparties en trois lots sur la base de la production laitière et du poids vif. Elles ont reçu trois régimes alimentaires, selon un carré latin 3 × 3, afin d'étudier leurs effets sur la composition en acides gras (AG) du lait. Les trois régimes étaient une ration complète (TMR) composée d'ensilage de maïs et de concentré (respectivement 60 % et 40 % sur la base de la matière sèche), de l'herbe pâturée sans * Corresponding author: orego@angra.uac.pt 214 O.A. Rego et al. complémentation (P), ou de l'herbe pâturée complémentée avec 5 kg par jour de concentré (SP). Les vaches laitières complémentées au pâturage (SP) ont produit significativement plus de lait que celles qui ne disposaient que du pâturage ou qui recevaient la ration complète. Le pâturage, complémenté ou non, a diminué la concentration de la somme des AG saturés et a augmenté celle des AG insaturés (P < 0,05) dans les lipides du lait. La réduction de la concentration des AG à chaîne moyenne a principalement été compensée par une augmentation de celle des AG à chaîne longue (acide oléique surtout). La concentration de l'acide linoléique conjugué (CLA) dans les lipides du lait, et celle de l'acide trans-vaccénique ont été plus élevées (P < 0,05) quand les vaches étaient au pâturage que quand elles recevaient le TMR. Les résultats ont montré une variation notable entre vaches et intra régime de la teneur en CLA des lipides du lait, ainsi que des liaisons significatives individuelles entre les régimes. Notre étude a montré que la teneur en CLA des lipides du lait est accrue par l'ingestion d'herbe fraîche et qu'une complémentation modérée en concentré augmente la production laitière sans compromettre le profil en AG.
Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 2015
To evaluate the effects of feeding linseed oil or/and sunflower oil mixed with fish oil on milk yield, milk composition and fatty acid (FA) profiles of dairy cows fed a high-concentrate diet, 24 crossbred primiparous lactating dairy cows in early lactation were assigned to a completely randomized design experiment. All cows were fed a high-concentrate basal diet and 0.38 kg dry matter (DM) molasses per day. Treatments were composed of a basal diet without oil supplement (Control), or diets of (DM basis) 3% linseed and fish oils (1:1, w/w, LSO-FO), or 3% sunflower and fish oils (1:1, w/w, SFO-FO), or 3% mixture (1:1:1, w/w) of linseed, sunflower, and fish oils (MIX-O). The animals fed SFO-FO had a 13.12% decrease in total dry matter intake compared with the control diet (p<0.05). No significant change was detected for milk yield; however, the animals fed the diet supplemented with SFO-FO showed a depressed milk fat yield and concentration by 35.42% and 27.20%, respectively, compared to those fed the control diet (p<0.05). Milk c9, t11-conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) proportion increased by 198.11% in the LSO-FO group relative to the control group (p<0.01). Milk C18:3n-3 (ALA) proportion was enhanced by 227.27% supplementing with LSO-FO relative to the control group (p<0.01). The proportions of milk docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were significantly increased (p<0.01) in the cows fed LSO-FO (0.38%) and MIX-O (0.23%) compared to the control group (0.01%). Dietary inclusion of LSO-FO mainly increased milk c9, t11-CLA, ALA, DHA, and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), whereas feeding MIX-O improved preformed FA and unsaturated fatty acids (UFA). While the lowest n-6/n-3 ratio was found in the LSO-FO, the decreased atherogenecity index (AI) and thrombogenicity index (TI) seemed to be more extent in the MIX-O. Therefore, to maximize milk c9, t11-CLA, ALA, DHA, and n-3 PUFA and to minimize milk n-6/n-3 ratio, AI and TI, an ideal supplement would appear to be either LSO-FO or MIX-O.
South African Journal of Animal Science, 2015
A number of fatty acids (FAs), such as omega-3, omega-6 and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), which are present in the milk from dairy cows are considered essential FAs and beneficial nutrients for humans. The aim of the study was to compare the milk FA content, particularly the CLA, omega-3 and omega-6 FA content of the milk fat of Jersey and Fleckvieh x Jersey (F x J) cows in a pasture-based feeding system. All cows were fed the same diet consisting of kikuyu-ryegrass pasture in a rotational grazing system supplemented with a standard commercial concentrate mixture at 7 kg per cow per day. Five milk samples were collected every five weeks from 10 days after calving, that is, days in milk (DIM) up to 175 DIM. In addition, two samples were collected every five weeks from 240 DIM to the end of the lactation period. Sampling was done at the evening and following morning's milking session and pooled for each cow. Samples were kept frozen at −20 ºC until laboratory analysis by gas chromatography. Thirty six FAs were detected and concentration levels determined. Higher levels of total CLA (0.74 ± 0.02 vs. 0.63 ± 0.02 g FA/100 g fat), linoleic acid (1.51 ± 0.03 vs. 1.36 ± 0.04 g FA/100 g fat) and total omega-6 FAs (1.74 ± 0.04 vs. 1.54 ± 0.05 g FA/100 g fat) were recorded in the milk fat of F x J cows in comparison with Jersey cows, respectively. Increases in total CLA and the c9,t11 CLA isomers in the milk of Jersey and F x J cows followed the same trend, showing an increase from the beginning to the end of the lactation period. Similarly, the CLA content of the milk fat showed an increase with lactation stage for both breeds.
Modifying milk fat composition of dairy cows to enhance fatty acids beneficial to human health
Lipids, 2004
There is increased consumer awareness that foods contain microcomponents that may have beneficial effects on health maintenance and disease prevention. In milk fat these functional food components include EPA, DHA, and CLA. The opportunity to enhance the content of these FA in milk has improved as a result of recent advances that have better defined the interrelationships between rumen fermentation, lipid metabolism, and milk fat synthesis. Dietary lipids undergo extensive hydrolysis and biohydrogenation in the rumen. Milk fat is predominantly TG, and de novo FA synthesis and the uptake of circulating FA contribute nearly equal amounts (molar basis) to the FA in milk fat. Transfer of dietary EPA and DHA to milk fat is very low (<4%); this is, to a large extent, related to their extensive biohydrogenation in the rumen, and also partly due to the fact that they are not transported in the plasma lipid fractions that serve as major mammary sources of FA uptake (TG and nonesterified FA). Milk contains over 20 isomers of CLA but the predominant one is cis-9,trans-11 (75-90% of total CLA). Biomedical studies with animal models have shown that this isomer has anticarcinogenic and anti-atherogenic activities. cis-9,trans-11-CLA is produced as an intermediate in the rumen biohydrogenation of linoleic acid but not of linolenic acid. However, it is only a transient intermediate, and the major source of milk fat CLA is from endogenous synthesis. Vaccenic acid, produced as a rumen biohydrogenation intermediate from both linoleic acid and linolenic acid, is the substrate, and ∆9-desaturase in the mammary gland and other tissues catalyzes the reaction. Diet can markedly affect milk fat CLA content, and there are also substantial differences among individual cows. Thus, strategies to enhance milk fat CLA involve increasing rumen outflow of vaccenic acid and increasing ∆9-desaturase activity, and through these, several-fold increases in the content of CLA in milk fat can be routinely achieved. Overall, concentrations of CLA, and to a lesser extent EPA and DHA, can be significantly enhanced through the use of diet formulation and nutritional management of dairy cows.
Journal of dairy science, 2004
Milk fat was investigated in lactating dairy cows fed diets supplemented with Ca salts of trans fatty acids (Ca-tFA) or Ca salts of conjugated linoleic acids (Ca-CLA). Forty-five Holstein cows (115 days in milk) were fed a control diet (51% forage; dry matter basis) supplemented with 400 g of EnerG II (Ca salts of palm oil fatty acids) for 2 wk; subsequently, 5 groups of 9 cows each were assigned for 4 wk to the control diet or diets containing 100 g of Ca-CLA or 100, 200, or 400 g of Ca-tFA in a randomized block design. Treatments had no effect on dry matter intake, milk production, protein, lactose, or somatic cell count. Milk fat percentage was reduced from 3.39% in controls to 3.30, 3.04, and 2.98%, respectively, by the Ca-tFA diets and to 2.54% by the Ca-CLA diet. Milk fat yield (1.24 kg/d in controls) was decreased by 60, 130, and 190 g/d with increasing dose of Ca-tFA and by 290 g/d with the Ca-CLA supplement. Consistent with increased endogenous synthesis of cis-9-containing...