CC: Creative Commons License, 2014. Visual Memes as Neutralizers of Political Dissent (original) (raw)

Framing Sympathies: A Study of a Visual Icon in Occupy Wall Street

Like memorable speeches, iconic visuals have the power to transcend time and place, and embody a certain sentiment. But where speeches are hard to use in unison for international groups, the power of an icon increases greatly as it is reproduced and re-viewed while not being bound by the barrier of language. As the mask of Guy Fawkes evokes a sentiment of anarchism, certain pictures of Occupy Wall Street ooze a sentiment of empowerment, of standing together against authoritarianism. This article identifies the ways in which visual icons impact the sociopolitical landscape, and through that shape global politics. The image of the Pepper Spraying Cop puts the issue of police brutality in a sharable frame and through this the discussion on the role of the police resurfaces in various regions around the world. The concept of the visual icon is defined, and a three-step methodological approach is applied to the icon to find that the concepts of 'the national' and 'the international' are not as rigid and clear-cut as they may seem. Regional appropriations, an internet meme and inter-iconicity causes a seemingly regional icon to have a large impact on the global sociopolitical landscape.

Pepper Spray Cop and the American Dream: Using Synecdoche and Metaphor to Unlock Internet Memes’ Visual Political Rhetoric

Communication Studies, 2015

Social media are increasingly important in protest movements for communication and organization. As such, scholars should consider these ephemeral messages as a tool for understanding such movements' rhetoric. This paper draws on Kjeldsen's method for the critique of visual political rhetoric, and adds consideration of intertextuality, synecdoche and metaphor to demonstrate a method for the rhetorical analysis and critique of internet memes as visual, political rhetoric. The Pepper Spray Cop meme arising from Occupy Wall Street is presented as a case study example. The paper considers the centrality of the intertextual nature of memes as a unique form of visual rhetoric in activist contexts and contributes to the literature on usergenerated and activist rhetoric.

Visual Memes as Neutralizers of Political Dissent

tripleC: Communication, Capitalism & Critique. Open Access Journal for a Global Sustainable Information Society

A meme, conceived as the cultural equivalent of the biological gene by Richard Dawkins, spread through culture like a virus – quickly and widely. Its viral power is in turn understood as product of nature, rather than culture – or rather as threatening to subvert culture into a condition of nature. Firing up over night, and disappearing just as quickly, memes are often allowed to run their course and fade into oblivion, only to return again. They emerge at moments of contestation of dominant narratives and through their participatory structure of imitation and mutation allow for the dissolution of points of ideological conflict and the reestablishment of a normative narrative. If not too threatening to the health of the state body, these cultural viruses are left unchecked as they build the immunity, and further, in Derrida’s terms, the “autoimmunity” of the nation-state. In this project, I explore the role of visual Internet memes as neutralizers of contested past and present narr...

Occupy Wall Street on the Public Screens of Social Media: The Many Framings of the Birth of a Protest Movement

Amid a dizzying array of social media, the ground of activism has fractured into decentered knots creating a cacophony of panmediated worlds. Our analysis of Occupy Wall Street (OWS) offers a preliminary charting of the fragmenting of the old media world into a proliferation of social media worlds. On old media, OWS was stillborn, first neglected, and then frivolously framed. On social media, OWS’s emergence was vibrant, its manifestations much discussed, celebrated, and attacked. Twitter, Facebook, and YouTube create new contexts for activism that do not exist in old media. Plus, social media foster an ethic of individual and collective participation, thus creating a norm of perpetual participation. In OWS, that norm creates new expectations of being in the world.

One does not simply imitate: On participatory culture and social activism in the era of the (dank)memes

2019

This paper reviews the phenomenon of 21st century’s Internet culture, the meme. The meme has made its entrance on many social platforms, as well as it has been referred numerous times throughout different medias, becoming an epitome of “millennial culture.” Although entertaining, the term “meme” lays its origins in evolution biology and genetics, and later on makes its entrance on the scene of popular culture. In the first section, I will present the specific background of the term, giving an example to distinguish it from the meaning of the word nowadays. My next section will present a short comparison between a meme and a work of the American concept artist, Barbara Kruger. That comparison will compare and contrast both works, wrapping them the context of social activism theory in their current socio-economic concept. In the last section I will present the meme as part of Henry Jenkin’s theory of participatory culture, and how the meme falls to be a near perfect example of it. Lastly I will conclude the observations in both sections and present you with a table of referred works.

On Radical Grounds: A Rhetorical Take on the Emergence of #Occupy in Time, Place, and Space

2015

This dissertation explores how the Occupy Wall Street (OWS) and the Occupy Movement (OM) writ large generated new forms of rhetorical invention through its emergence in geographical places and virtual spaces across the world. The genesis and development of Occupy on these “radical” grounds provide an empirical grounding to theory on the chora, rhetorical invention, and the vernacular, where the word occupy and the tactic occupation designate vital sites (topoi) of rhetorical activity: seats/sources of local meaning(s) that occupiers used to bring new lines of thought to life. The radical uptake of “occupy” would create what Edward Schiappa calls a definitional rupture: a disruption of the “natural attitude” around the meaning or usage of a word. To suture this gap, I acknowledge the ethical and normative ramifications that accompany the act of definition as a political act and then conduct a philological analysis on ‘occupy’ and ‘occupation’ by tracing these words to their earliest or “radical” roots. I then attend to the emergence of OWS in the place of Zuccotti Park/Liberty Plaza, followed by its first call to action and popular uptake in virtual streams and media, where both places produced new vernacular modalities and media. In gesturing to the disaster sociology literature on emergent citizen groups (ECGS) and emergent phenomena, this assembly of Occupy in time, place, and space, radically reconceives ‘what it means’ to “occupy” common places and spaces towards the creation of new socio-economic realities in response to crisis.

Digital representation and Occupy Wall Street’s challenge to political subjectivity

Convergence; Special Issue on New Media, Global Activism, and Politics, 2014

This article considers the ways in which practices of digital representation were deployed in the Occupy Wall Street movement, arguing that acts of self-representation render intelligible not just the politics of a movement like Occupy Wall Street, but also make sensible the relations of power such projects are immersed within. Building upon the notion that the specific power of the movement was exercised via a situated understanding of representation, this essay investigates how a digitally mediated sensibility made the broader critiques at the core of the Occupy movement not only intelligible to those inside and outside the movement, but also offered a mode of subject constitution that pushed against liberal notions of political subjectivity.