Entstehung und Entwicklung der siebenbürgischen Stadtkirchen im 12.-15. Jahrhundert (original) (raw)
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Dorfkirche und Schriftlichkeit in Siebenbürgen um 1500
Ulrich A. Wien (ed.), Common Man, Society and Religion in the 16th century. Piety, morality and discipline in the Carpathian Basin / Gemeiner Mann, Gesellschaft und Religion im 16. Jahrhundert. Frömmigkeit, Moral und Sozialdisziplinierung im Karpatenbogen, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2021
This paper selectively explores three types of texts written and delivered by parish clergy within countryside communities of the Transylvanian Saxons before the introduction of the religious Reformation in the 1540s. It argues that the monumental sermon-collection authored in the second half of the 16th century by the Lutheran pastor Damasus Dürr, who also served in a rural church, had been anticipated by the intellectual work of secular priests who lived and were active around 1500 in the same cultural environment. As a well-educated and self-aware group, the parish priests of the Transylvanian German settlements, either urban or rural, represent the first compact category of clearly defined intellectuals in this region. For their professional needs, they produced or used various texts of a pragmatic nature, from accounting records to sermon literature. These plebani took advantage of every opportunity to write on and annotate the books they had in their possession, writing down facts of historical relevance or adaptations of model-sermons, performed in specific contexts. Various evidence of elaborate preaching, alongside the ownership of books and the existence of a dense network of elementary schools organized by the secular church, display a new image of the (mostly Latin) countryside literacy in the late medieval territories populated by Transylvanian Saxons: an expansion and mirroring of the urban literacy and its complex forms, predicting its subsequent evolution.
Ein siebenbürgischer Peregrinant in der ersten Hälfte der 1780er-Jahre in Deutschland
Lichtenberg Jahrbuch, 2012
Die Geschichte der ausländischen Studienreise von József Pákei1 zwischen 1781 und 1785 wurde 1935 in einer Monographie von Kelemen Gál veröffentlicht. Sie beruht im Wesentlichen auf Briefen, die Pákei während seiner Reise aus dem Aus land geschrieben hat.2 Gál kannte jedoch Pákeis Stammbuch3 nicht, und unseres Wissens wurde darauf bislang auch von anderen nicht Bezug genommen.4 Zwar ergänzen die Briefe und das Album einander auf spannende Weise, doch soll an dieser Stelle auf eine systematische Analyse der beiden Quellen verzichtet werden, es soll lediglich auf einige interessante Momente, besser gesagt auf einige interes sant scheinende Begegnungen aufmerksam gemacht werden.
AUC PHILOSOPHICA ET HISTORICA
Bohemia and the Proprietary Churches. A Note to the Elites of the Early Middle Ages till the Half of the 12th Century The phenomena of the proprietary churches is connected with the very beginnings of the Christianity in Moravia and later in Bohemia, too. The founders of the churches of the period of the 9th and 10th century were-as attested by the sources-only the members of Mojmirid and Přemyslid dynasty, the rank of Slavník who founded the church in Libice is still a matter of discusion. From the 11th century on, the increasing number of documents tells us that the other members of elites-magnates or majors-founded their churches. The founders and their posterity definitely had a considerable influence on the function of these churches, appointed priests and decided or co-decided how the incomes of the churches will be used. The conclusion, that by this only their economical interests were served, is however to be rejected. The founders not only strengthened their prestige, but they were also motivated by their belief and hope for salvation. Since the half of the 12th century the number of proprietary churches increased rapidly, the members of the elite (retinues) holding now the hereditary lands started to settle on their properties and built late-romanesque churches next to the court residences. This phase of development (until the end of the phenomena of the proprietary churches during the emancipation of the Bohemian church in the first third of the 13th century) is however not a part of this paper.
Forschungen zur Volks- und Landeskunde, 55, 2012
The Lutheran parish church at Hermannstadt (Sibiu) portrays a particular case with respect to the reception of the Gothic Hall system in Transylvania, which is illustrated by the partial transformation of its basilican nave, in the second half of the fifteenth century. It concerned the south aisle, which was raised up to the central vessel’s height and provided with a gallery above the earlier structures. The most impressive element of the gallery is the late Gothic vaulting featuring a stellar pattern with the center marked by a square motif, which renders an early fifteenth century design solution developed by the mason’s lodge in Vienna and spread after 1450 in Styria and surroundings. Wall articulation and formal characteristics allow the assumption that the gallery vault was achieved in a later phase by a master trained in Austrian construction workshops. The architectural solution of triangular gables crowning the south facade renders a North German prototype, most likely mediated by the Viennese lodge, while the chapel above the south porch features a structure common in the former Upper Hungarian Zips region (Slovakia) during the Late Gothic period.