Doping Education Status in Kenya : Evaluation of Knowledge , Attitudes and Practice of Doping Among Elite Kenyan Athletes Report Compiled for the World Anti-Doping Agency ( Wada ) (original) (raw)
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Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism, 2011
Introduction. The aim of this study was the research among athletes whether and to what extent the sport discipline practiced (individual or team competition) influences the perception of risk associated with the use of doping in sport, and whether age and experience translates into the sports perception of the risks of doping. Material and methods. Three groups of athletes diverse was studied because of the nature of the sport task and the experience/time of practice. Individual disciplines were represented by combat sports (n=12, average time of practice ~6 years), group games by football players (n=9, average time of practice ~7 years) and volleyball players (n=13, average time of practice ~14 years .) The technique "Perception of risk of doping" was used to measure: a) the ranking of values that one can afford to lose in consequences of doping; b) the real probability of losing cherished values; c) personally acceptable level of risk associated with loss of value. Results. It was shown that young players who are members of the team are less mature and aware of the risks associated with the use of doping, not only from their older colleagues in the team, but also from their peers, competing individually. In the perception of young players there were both errors in risk assessment (distortion of losses) as well as illusions relating to the control of hazards, and unrealistic optimism about the possibility of avoiding the negative effects of doping. For mature players, the fear of losing public image has proven to be a strong deterrent against the temptation to use of illegal drugs; for young players, a relatively stronger remedy was the fear of losing the attributes of health and physical attractiveness. Conclusion. Due to the small size of the groups, these findings are suggestions that may serve as an inspiration for research on the wider population.
Journal of physical education and sports management, 2016
It is in the public domain that amateur and professional athletes have used performanceenhancing substance (PES) with the aim of directly or indirectly improve performance. Research findings also indicate that athletes are not fully aware of physical, physiological and psychological effects of some of the substances and drugs used. Effects of the drugs and substances used have both short term and long term effects some of which are reversible after termination of the substance in use while others are irreversible. This paper discusses Kenya teacher trainee athletes' awareness of PES use in sports. Trainees after graduating from colleges are expected to teach Physical education besides other subject as well as be sports coaches to young athletes in primary and secondary school levels of education. It is therefore imperative that teacher trainees be fully aware of the effects of PES in order to guide young athletes in achieving sports potential through training without resorting to using illegal methods. A total of 422 (211 male and 211 female) teacher trainees drawn from public and private teacher training colleges responded to a self report questionnaire. The respondents were participants in national ball games and track and field athletics sports competitions under Kenya Teachers Colleges Sports Association (KTSCA). Athletes' awareness of PES and their effects of selected substances were assessed with items revolving around familiarity with the WADA anti-doping code, and extent of knowledge of use and effects of PES. This study findings show 49.3% of athletes knew of the WADA code while 43.3% were not aware of its existence. About 48.0% knew of the regulation as stipulated in the code but 42.7% did not know. Further athletes were not fully aware of effects of selected substances with 67.8%, 47.0%, 51.9%, 43.6% and 51.5% reporting that miraa (khat), marijuana, caffeine, anabolic steroids, and cocaine respectively do not enhance sports performance. It was recommended that a comprehensive anti-doping strategy at primary, secondary and, colleges be adopted where anti-doping education can be imparted beyond classroom. Investigation should be done on the level of awareness of doping/PES by athletes' personnel of collegiate teams. Research is necessary to establish the effectiveness of the doping content taught to the teacher trainees
Doping knowledge, attitudes, and practices of Ugandan athletes’: a cross-sectional study
Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy, 2015
Background: Despite the development of advanced drug testing systems, both deliberate and inadvertent doping in sports is increasing in elite, amateur and school sports. As a result, alternative approaches that seek to influence an athlete's attitudes are needed to address the growing doping concerns that threaten both the health and well being of the athlete as well as the legitimacy of the sport. Therefore, the current study set out to establish the doping attitudes, knowledge and practices of professional Ugandan athletes, gathering information that may guide the design of more efficient doping prevention programs. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of 384 professional Ugandan athletes from four contact team sports (basketball, football, handball and rugby) and two individual sports (athletics and cycling). An Interviewer administered questionnaire used contained; questions about the doping behavior, the performance enhancement attitude scale (PEAS), and doping use belief (DUB) statements. Results: Approximately 60 % of the athletes reported familiarity with information on doping and that most of this information came from fellow colleagues (41.9 %), individual or team coaches (29.7 %) or the media (15.6 %). However, nearly 80 % of these athletes could not correctly define doping. The overall mean PEAS score, a measure of doping attitudes, for all study participants was 39.8 ± 14.8. Female athletes (PEAS: 41.1 ± 15.1), athletes with a prior doping history (PEAS: 44.1 ± 15.6) and athletes from the sport of athletics (PEAS: 56.6 ± 17.4) had higher mean PEAS scores than their respective counterparts. Regarding doping behaviors/practices, 9.3 % of the study participants had been offered a doping agent at some point, although only 3.9 % of the athletes acknowledged recent use. Conclusions: The confessed use of doping agents in this study was low, which may suggest that fewer athletes use doping agents in Uganda. However, there is still an urgent need for educational anti-doping programs to address the knowledge gaps observed amongst athletes in this study. Modifying the existing Physical education curriculum for inclusion of more content about doping in sport could provide the basis for doping prevention programs amongst amateur athletes in Ugandan primary and secondary schools.
World Anti-Doping Agency, 2019
Descriptive statistics for age, experience and gender of athletes participating in the CoachMADE project 2 Descriptive statistics for age, experience and gender of coaches participating in the CoachMADE project 3 Descriptive statistics and internal reliability estimates of study variables across all three measurement points. 4 Descriptive statistics and internal reliability estimates of study variables across all three measurement points. 5 Intention-to-treat effect of CoachMADE intervention on athlete reported doping-related variables, controlling for gender, age, hours per week spent training, and number of years with current coach (3-level multilevel model with random intercepts and slopes). 6 Per protocol analysis effect of CoachMADE intervention on athlete reported doping-related variables, controlling for gender, age, hours per week spent training, and number of years with current coach (3-level multilevel model with random intercepts and slopes). 7 Intention-to-treat effect of CoachMADE intervention on coach reported doping-related and motivational variables, controlling for gender, previous doping education, and number of years coaching (2-level multilevel model with random intercepts and slopes). 8 Per protocol analysis effect of CoachMADE intervention on coach reported doping-related and motivational variables, controlling for gender, previous doping education, and number of years coaching (2-level multilevel model with random intercepts and slopes). 9 Intention-to-treat effect of CoachMADE intervention on athlete reported motivation variables, controlling for gender, age, hours per week spent training, and number of years with current coach (3-level multilevel model with random intercepts and slopes). 10 Per protocol analysis effect of CoachMADE intervention on athlete reported motivation variables, controlling for gender, age, hours per week spent training, and number of years with current coach (3-level multilevel model with random intercepts and slopes). 11 Standardised direct effects of a path analysis of the hypothesised theoretical sequence depicted in Figure 6. 12 Number of coaches who completed the surveys at each time point. 13 Characteristics of the coaches who were interviewed. 14 The number of individuals who were contacted and responded throughout the recruitment process. 15 The number of workshops delivered in each country and the range of coaches who attended each session. 16 The total number of coaches who took part in each stage of data collection throughout the CoachMADE project. 17 Mean ± SD of athletes per coach completing measures at baseline (B), end of the intervention (T2), and follow-up (T3). 18 The fidelity and satisfaction of the CoachMADE program. 19 Coaches' self-reported satisfaction with the workshops for the intervention and control group coaches. 20 M ± SD coaches' self-reported satisfaction with the workshops for the intervention and control group coaches. 21 Coaches' self-reported satisfaction with the training provided to them at the end of the intervention. 22 Coaches' self-reported satisfaction with the training provided to them at follow-up. 23 Coaches' self-reported acceptance of need supportive strategies following the intervention workshops. viii Coaches' self-reported confidence to use need supportive and minimise need thwarting motivational strategies outlined in the intervention workshops.
Journal of Human Sport and Exercise, 2020
Doping cases have in the recent past (second decade of 21st century) tainted the Kenyan athletes' dominance in long distance running. The purpose of this study was to examine the knowledge, attitudes and perceptions (KAP) on doping among university students pursuing sport related courses. It was postulated that KAP on doping will be mediated by year of study, age, gender, sporting experience and degree programme. Data were collected through self-administered questionnaires from university students (n=179) drawn from four universities that offer sport-related courses in Kenya. Results revealed that there were significant differences between year of study (first vs fourth) in knowledge on performance enhancing substance (PES) (Mean Ranks; 68.16 vs 94.22, p=.013) and perceptions about doping (109.98 vs 86.14, p=.023). Sport Science and Health Promotion students showed significantly higher scores on attitudes towards doping (p=.003) than those in Physical Education courses. There were significant differences (p < .05) in KAP on doping in favour of those students who had previous participation in sport competitions. It is concluded that KAP of university students on doping is differentiated based on the selected variables of year and programme of study, and previous participation in sport competitions. It is recommended that the unpacking of doping education should take these variables into consideration. Universities need to partner with anti-doping agencies to expose students to both theoretical and practical applications of doping knowledge. Further investigation in needed on the possible factors that contribute to less negative perceptions with higher knowledge on doping among university students.
2010
This study is planned for the aim of comparing university students’ knowledge levels about doping who are interested in individual and team sport. A kind of identification study was made at Karamanoglu Mehmet Bey University at fall term in 2008-2009 education-training years. 103 university students who agree to participate in study and do in sports actively and study in 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th class of Physical Education and Sports Department of physical education and sport at Karamanoglu Mehmetbey University composed the creation of study. Study data was gathered by survey method that leant against selfdeclaration of participants. In the survey form some questions which are specific to interrogation of socio-demographic features and a knowledge form which is leant against measuring knowledge level about doping were asked to the students. 35.9% of the students are girls and 64.1% of the students are boys who participate in the study and do sport actively Students age average is 22.42±...
IFF Anti-Doping Education Programme
2018
This research required a wide knowledge base of the anti-doping issues that the world of sport is facing today and the current social science research in the anti-doping education field. I truly appreciate the help from the people who assisted me during the process. My tutor Kari Puronaho, thank you for pointing out important aspects for the final version. Senior Manager Education at WADA, Tony Cunningham, thank you for providing me with interesting and current social science research very valuable for this project. My mother, Meri Kuula-Bruun, I appreciate the effort you put into reading through my research and pointing out the spelling mistakes and issues that need further explanation for persons not that involved in the field. My colleagues at the International Floorball Federation, who helped me to collect the valuable input from the athletes.
International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences, 2022
This study is expected to be able to contribute to increasing students' physical fitness and health so that it can help reduce the risk of obesity through exercise-based physical activity, namely TEFIX, which can be used in learning. In this way, it is hoped that the PJOK's objectives can be achieved. Therefore, this investigation is also expected to help PJOK teachers give more focus to the physical fitness stage of students. The method of this study is study and development (Research and Development). This research uses a quantitative approach method using Quasi Experimental Design through the Pretest and Posttest Control-Group Design methods. In this experiment, the investigator uses control and study sets, but the collection of participants into groups is not random. The examination used in this case is TKJI for physical fitness and BMI for health. Before completing the small organization trial, the TEFIX training modules can be verified with experts. With the results of eight validators getting the usual results in the "very good" category, then a small group trial analysis (Pre research) was carried out to obtain reliability using the results of the pre-test and post-test, for the BMI scores of male students "high" and female students "Very high", for TKJI scores of male students "high" and female students "tall". It can be concluded that the TEFIX physical activity module is valid and has a high correlation and high enough reliability to survive in a larger group sample.