How to measure hospital antibiotic consumption: comparison of two methods from data surveillance in France (original) (raw)
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Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 2010
Objectives: Antibiotic use in French hospitals is among the highest in Europe. A study was carried out to describe antibiotic consumption for inpatients at hospital and at ward levels. Methods: Data were voluntarily collected retrospectively by 530 hospitals accounting for 40 million patientdays (PD) on the following: antibacterials for systemic use [J01 class of the WHO Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classification, defined daily doses (DDD) system, 2007], rifampicin and oral imidazole derivatives, expressed in number of DDD and number of PD in 2007. Consumption was expressed in DDD/1000 PD. Results: Median antibiotic use ranged from 60 DDD/1000 PD in long-term care (LTC) and psychiatric hospitals to 633 DDD/1000 PD in teaching hospitals. Penicillins and b-lactamase inhibitors combinations were the most frequently used antibiotics, accounting for 26% of total use in cancer hospitals to 40% in LTC/psychiatric hospitals. Glycopeptides and carbapenems were mostly used in cancer and teaching hospitals. Level of consumption and pattern of use differed according to clinical ward from 60 DDD/1000 PD in psychiatric wards up to 1466 DDD/ 1000 PD in intensive care units (ICUs). In medicine, surgery, ICU and rehabilitation wards, fluoroquinolones accounted for 13%-19% of the total use. Conclusions: This multicentre survey provided detailed information on antibiotic use in a large sample of hospitals and wards, allowing relevant comparisons and benchmarking. Analysis of consumption at the ward level should help hospitals to target practice audits to improve antibiotic use.
Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 2010
Our objective was to develop and test standardized methods for collection and statistical analysis of longitudinal data on hospital antibacterial use from different countries. Methods: We collected data on monthly supply of antibiotics from pharmacies in one hospital from each of 18 European countries. We applied a standardized method to classify drugs, measure use in defined daily doses and compare the effect of using occupied bed-days (OBDs) or admissions as denominators for longitudinal analysis. Results: Antibiotic use increased in 14 (78%) hospitals and decreased in 4 hospitals. For 16 (89%) hospitals, adjustment of antibiotic use with OBDs resulted in larger changes over time than adjustment with admissions. Inclusion of all hospital clinical activity variables (admissions, length of stay and OBDs) in multivariate time series analysis identified distinct hospital groups. Nine (50%) hospitals had statistically significant changes in antibiotic use (six increasing and three decreasing) that were not explained (n¼ 3) or only partially explained (n¼ 6) by change in clinical activity. Three (17%) hospitals had no significant change in antibiotic use. In the remaining six hospitals, apparent changes in antibiotic use were largely explained by changes in clinical activity. Conclusions: This is the first study to use a standardized method for data collection and longitudinal analysis of antibiotic use in different hospitals. These data suggest that determination of changes in antibiotic exposure of hospital patients over a period of time is unreliable if only one clinical activity variable (such as OBDs) is used as the denominator. We recommend inclusion of admissions, OBDs and length of stay in statistical, time series analysis of antibiotic use. This model is also relevant to longitudinal analysis of infections in hospitals.
Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 2011
Objectives: French hospitals are urged by health authorities to develop antibiotic stewardship (ABS) programmes in order to improve antibiotic use and to decrease their consumption. We performed a longitudinal survey to describe ABS measures implementation and antibiotic use and to study relationships between ABS measures and trends in antibiotic use between 2005 and 2009. Methods: Data on ABS, antibiotic use and activity were retrospectively collected by questionnaires sent to hospitals voluntarily participating in the southwestern France network. ABS measures covered organization, resources, restrictive and persuasive actions. Antibiotic use was retrieved from pharmacy records and expressed as the number of defined daily doses/1000 patient-days according to national and WHO guidelines using 2009 defined daily dose values to monitor trends. Relationships between ABS measures and antibiotic use were studied by multivariate logistic regression. Results: Between 2005 and 2009, the degree of implementation of ABS increased in the 74 participating hospitals. Antibiotic use remained stable, with variations according to hospital groups and antibiotic classes. In hospitals with more ABS measures, antibiotic use in general and fluoroquinolone use tended to remain stable or to decrease. Educational activities were associated with a decrease in fluoroquinolone use in the univariate analysis. In the multivariate analysis, practice audits and time dedicated by the antibiotic advisor were significantly associated with a decrease in total antibiotic use and fluoroquinolone use, respectively. Conclusions: This first longitudinal study, in 74 hospitals, showed that human resources and persuasive ABS measures, in the context of a multidisciplinary approach, are helpful in controlling total antibiotic and fluoroquinolone use.
Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 2008
Background: In France, antibiotic consumption (ABC) is dramatically high in parallel with the high rate of multidrug-resistant bacteria. For the last few years, a nationwide policy has been implemented at the national level to control and monitor ABC. Since 2002, surveillance networks have been set up with voluntary hospitals to evaluate the antibiotic policy and consumption. The present study was conducted to identify whether specific control measures of the antibiotic policy could reduce ABC in hospitals. Methods: Based on the data from the Northern France surveillance system, local recommendations and antibiotic use were collected annually on a standardized questionnaire that had 21 items. ABC was expressed in defined daily doses (DDDs) per 1000 patient-days (PDs). The ABC indicator was the overall antibiotic consumption. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed using low (75th percentile) and high (>75th percentile) ABC as the dependent variable. Results: A total of 83/111 hospitals were included in the study. In 75% of the hospitals, total ABC was 669.5 DDDs/1000 PDs. The less frequent practices were educational antibiotic programmes (17%), authorization from an antibiotic specialist for selected antibiotics (26%) and systematic reassessment of AB treatment after 72 h (27%). In the multivariate analysis, three variables remained significantly and independently associated (P < 0.05) with ABC: the type of hospital, the proportion of non-acute-care beds and the nominative delivery form as the only antibiotic control measure. Total ABC was lower in hospitals having a nominative delivery form, compared with hospitals not having it. Conversely, ABC was significantly higher in public teaching hospitals compared with non-teaching hospitals. Similarly, ABC was higher in hospitals with a lowest proportion (i.e. 25%) of non-acute-care beds compared with hospitals where this proportion was >25%. Conclusions: Specific control measures could lower ABC. Sustained control efforts should focus on antibiotics with the highest potential for emerging bacterial resistance.
2011
Objectives To describe total outpatient systemic antibiotic use in Europe from 1997 to 2009 and to analyse statistically trends of total use and composition of use over time. Methods For the period 1997���2009, data on outpatient use of systemic antibiotics aggregated at the level of the active substance were collected and expressed in defined daily doses (WHO, version 2011) and packages per 1000 inhabitants per day (DID and PID, respectively).
Bmj Quality & Safety, 2011
Background: In 2007, ESAC (http://www.esac.ua.ac.be) published a set of 12 valid drug-specific quality indicators for outpatient antibiotic use in Europe. In this study, the authors aimed to develop evidence-based disease-specific quality indicators for outpatient antibiotic prescribing in Europe. Methods: Two meetings were convened to produce a list of disease-specific quality indicators for outpatient antibiotic prescribing which conform to internationally agreed recommendations, building on a similar development of drug-specific quality indicators, and in collaboration with CHAMP and HAPPY AUDIT. 62 experts were asked to complete two scoring rounds of the proposed indicators on seven dimensions: their relevance to (1) reducing antimicrobial resistance, (2) patient health benefit, (3) cost-effectiveness, (4) policy makers, (5) individual prescribers, (6) their evidence base and (7) their range of acceptable use, using a scale ranging from 1 (¼completely disagree) to 9 (¼completely agree). Scores were judged according to the UCLA-RAND appropriateness method. Results: For the six main indications for antibiotic prescribing (acute otitis media, acute upperrespiratory infection, acute/chronic sinusitis, acute tonsillitis, acute bronchitis/bronchiolitis, cystitis/other urinary infection) and for pneumonia, three quality indicators were proposed, the percentage prescribed (a) antibiotics; (b) recommended antibiotics; (c) quinolones. This set was scored by 40 experts from 25 countries. After one scoring round, all indicators were already rated as relevant on all dimensions, except one. Conclusion: All proposed disease-specific quality indicators for outpatient antibiotic prescribing have face validity and are potentially applicable. They could be used to better describe antibiotic use and assess the quality of antibiotic prescribing patterns in ambulatory care.
Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 2010
Hospitals in France are encouraged to monitor antibiotic consumption (AbC) and it is known that this differs among hospitals. The aim of the current study was to identify relevant and easily available adjustment criteria for the purpose of benchmarking. We analysed data from 34 public non-teaching hospitals and 43 private hospitals located in southwestern France and overseas departments using retrospective data from 2005. This study investigated the relationship between AbC expressed as defined daily doses per 1000 patient-days (DDD/1000 PDs) or per 100 admissions (DDD/100 admissions) and the number of venous central lines, the number of episodes of bacteraemia and various hospital characteristics. The relationship was tested using multiple linear analyses. The median total AbC in public hospitals was 395 DDD/1000 PDs (range, 196-737) and 341 DDD/100 admissions (range, 180-792). In private hospitals this was 422 DDD/1000 PDs (range, 113-717) and 212 DDD/100 admissions (range, 38-510). The best model for public hospitals included the proportion of PDs in surgery, intensive care and medical wards and explained 84% of the variability in AbC expressed as DDD/1000 PDs. For private hospitals, the mean length of stay and the proportion of PDs in surgery and medical wards explained 68% of the variability in AbC expressed as DDD/100 admissions. Overall, this French experience shows that relevant adjustment criteria for the comparison among hospitals are easily available. It is important that each country establish its own model considering the intrinsic peculiarities of the hospital system and taking into account both indicators (DDD/1000 PDs or DDD/100 admissions) to design the best model.
Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 2018
The features of a newly established, web-based surveillance system for hospital antibiotic consumption are described and data on broad-spectrum antibiotic use in German acute care hospitals are presented. Methods: The watch-and reserve-group antibiotics, two categories of antibiotics derived from the WHO Essential Medicines List comprising key agents for antimicrobial stewardship, were used as a framework for data analysis. The median antibiotic consumption densities (ACDs; DDD/100 patient days) for the years 2015/16 based on data from 137 acute care hospitals have been calculated for whole facilities, ICUs and medical and surgical departments, stratified by type of care. Results: The new web-based system provides real-time surveillance at unit and facility levels, accessible to all relevant stakeholders. User-defined reports are available via an interactive database, various report types support different approaches to analysis, and different complementing quantification measures of antimicrobial consumption are available. Watch-and reserve-group antibiotics accounted for 42% and 2% of total antibiotic use, respectively. Surgical services presented with considerably lower median ACDs of the watch-group antibiotics compared with medical services. Tertiary care hospitals exhibited higher ACDs of the reserve-group antibiotics and carbapenems than primary/secondary care hospitals, while the ACDs of the watch-group antibiotics as a whole did not differ significantly. Comparing the proportional use with other European countries revealed a relatively high use of the watch-group, ranking beyond the 75th percentile. Conclusions: Because of its particular features the new web-based surveillance system is a valuable tool for antimicrobial stewardship. The WHO categories of watch-and reserve-group antibiotics proved to be a useful framework for the analysis of hospital antibiotic consumption data.