Effect of a Mushroom (Coriolus versicolor) Based Probiotic on Goat Health (original) (raw)
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The Impact of Diet on Expression of Genes Involved in Innate Immunity in Goat Blood
Journal of Agricultural Science, 2016
Sericea Lespedeza (SL), is a high-quality, low input forage that suppresses gastro-intestinal parasites in goats. The effect of dietary SL on the expression of genes involved in innate immunity in goats has not been established. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of a diet containing SL on the expression of genes involved in innate immunity in goat blood. Blood was collected by jugular venipuncture from goats fed a diet of 75% SL (n = 9) and a control group (n = 7), fed a SL free diet. Blood was used to evaluate expression of (CD-14, TLR-2, TLR-4, IL-10, IL-8, IL-2, INF-γ, and TNF-α). Serum was extracted and used for evaluation of the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IFNr, granulocyte colony stimulating factor (GCSF), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GMCSF), IL-1α, IL-8, IP-10 and RANTES) using a commercial ELISA kit. The level of gene expression of CD-14, TLR-2, TLR-4, IL-10, IL-8, IL-2, INF-γ, and TNF-α was higher in treated animals compared to control. The Sericea Lespedeza diet affected the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines by increasing the serum levels of TNF-α, IFNr, GCSF, GMCSF, IL-1α, IP-10 (P < 0.0002), and by decreasing (P < 0.0001) IL-8 and RANTES in blood from goats fed SL. This suggests that dietary tannins modulate gene expression and may affect the goat's innate immune response in blood. Further research is needed to understand and harness the effect of dietary condensed tannins to modulate innate immunity in goats. Plants containing tannins are able to modulate the immune response by acting on immune cells such as T cells in man and cows (Holderness et al., 2008). This results in changes in the expression of innate immunity markers and cytokine secretion (Graff et al., 2009) resulting in either pro-or anti-inflammatory activity (Holderness et al.,
Journal of Molecular Biology Research, 2016
Neutrophils recognize and destroy pathogens through activation of the Toll like receptor (TLR) system as part of the inflammatory response of innate immunity. The expression and modulation of genes in the TLR signaling pathway in caprine blood neutrophils was investigated. Following initial screening for infection, goats (N=15) were assigned to three groups of five (n=5) individuals. Goats were drenched daily with 10 mL of powdered CorPet (Mycology labs Inc) soaked in hot (treatment I) or cold (treatment II) sterile filtered endotoxin free water, for a 4-week period. A control group of five age-matched goats received sterile water (treatment III). Blood was collected weekly and analyzed for packed cell volume and white blood cell differential counts. At weeks 1 and 4 neutrophils were isolated, using differential centrifugation and hypotonic lysis of red blood cells. The concentration and purity of total RNA isolated using Trizol was determined on a Nanodrop spectrophotometer. The RETROscript kit was used to synthesize cDNA. The expression of 84 genes in the human TLR signaling pathway RT 2 PCR Array was evaluated using real time PCR and the Livak method. The house keeping gene GAPDH was used to normalize the data. At week 1 untreated goats expressed 48 genes in the pathway. Goat neutrophils expressed 10 TLRs. Mushroom extracts modulated expression of and signaling by TLR. These results will help in the definition of the role of TLR expression in neutrophils and its contribution to goat innate immunity. Further this may aid in the design of therapeutics for goat health.
The Journal of Agricultural Science, 2017
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of grazing cowpea pastures on growth, parasite egg count and biomarkers of immune response in goats. Spanish and Savannah goats (n = 48) stratified by initial body weight (42.0±7.0 kg) and fecal egg count (FEC), were randomly assigned to three pasture forages (Cowpea varieties: Mississippi silver (MS), or Iron and Clay (IC) or Pearl millet (PM) as control with 4 replicates, for a 28-day feeding trial. Forage samples collected at the start of the study were analyzed for nutrients, chemical and polyphenols content. Body weight, body condition score, and fecal egg count were measured weekly. Blood was collected from goats on days 0 and 28 for PCV and white blood cell differential counts. The concentration of total proteins, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were evaluated in blood serum. Concentration of DNA isolated from fecal samples was used as a measure of gut health. Goats grazed on cowpea forage (MS...
Molecular Genetics and Genome Biology of Goats
2017
Information on goat genome has led to a better understanding of the genetics of goats, its response to infection and the underlying immune response mechanism. Natural productbased therapeutic can therefore be utilized to target genes important for goat immunity. In this chapter, we have summarized the effect of diet and dietary supplements as immune modulators in goats. These modulators affect the expression of genes and secreted proteins associated with innate and adaptive immune response and homeostasis. Probiotics, mushroom extracts, plant polyphenol extracts, Sericea lespedeza (SL) and cowpea diet affect key molecular pathways including Toll-like receptor (TLR) pathway, Wnt signaling pathway and cytokine-mediated signaling pathway. Results from various studies reviewed in this chapter suggest that utilization of dietary immunomodulators has beneficial effects on goat health and production.
Tropical Animal Health and Production
Three objectives were included in this research work. The first objective compared different immune components in healthy mature males, mature females, and female kids of local and imported Saanen goats, reared under a sub-tropical environment. The significantly differing immune components were the blood monocyte percent, blood CD8 count, and the total white blood cell count. The second objective compared the performance of Saanen versus local does. The means of the milk yield and prolificacy of the imported Saanen does were significantly higher than those of the local does (p < 0.05). The third objective compared the immune responses (hemagglutination-HA titers) and complement fixation (CF) titers in mature does of the two breeds to chicken red blood cells (c-RBC). The HA titers showed a significant seroconversion only in imported Saanen (p < 0.05) but not in local does; however, the CF titers increased significantly at 4 weeks following priming with c-RBC in local (p < 0.05) but not in the imported Saanen does. The impact of the differences in blood immune components and responses to antigens in the compared goats on protection potential against prevalent diseases in the sub-tropical zone of the eastern Mediterranean countries is discussed.
Animals
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of varying levels of hempseed meal supplementation on antibody and cell-mediated immune responses, as well as the expression of some of the important immunoregulatory cytokines. Treatments consisted of hempseed meal supplementation at 0 (control), 10, 20, and 30% of the total diet. Goats were randomly assigned to one of the four treatments n = 10. Cell-mediated immune response was evaluated on day 59 of the feeding period by measuring skinfold thickness at 24 h following intradermal injection of phytohemagglutinin. A significant increase in skinfold thickness was observed with increasing levels of supplementation as compared to that of the control group. Serum antibody titers to chicken ovalbumin were not significantly different between treatment groups. Cytokine concentrations of IL-6 increased linearly with increasing level of supplementation (p < 0.05), contrarily to the linear decrease that was observed for TNF-α (p < ...
Evaluation of the Effect of Probiotic Administration on Gene Expression in Goat Blood
Journal of Molecular Biology Research, 2017
The objective of this study was to assess the molecular impact of probiotic administration on genes involved in homeostasis and immunity in goat blood. Following initial screening for infection, one-week post weaning, female SpanishXBoer goats were drenched daily with the recommended doses of FASTtrak microbial pack (Conklin Company Inc., Shakopee, MN) in 10 mL sterile water over an 8-week period. The control group were given sterile water. Blood samples were collected weekly. Total RNA was isolated from blood collected at the beginning of the study (week 0) and at the end of the study (week 8) using Tri-reagent and then reverse-transcribed to cDNA using the Ambion-Retroscript kit. Quantification of genes was performed in the CFX96TM Biorad Real-Time PCR detection system with the addition of the dye SYBR green. The cow Wingless (Wnt) signaling pathway, Human Innate & Adaptive Immune Responses and the Cow Inflammatory Cytokine & Receptors RT² Profiler™ PCR Arrays (QIAGEN, Valencia, C...
Influence of Probiotics on Coccidia, H. Contortus and Markers of Infection in Goats
American Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences
Immunostimulants can induce nonspecific resistance against parasites. The use of probiotics to control development of animal gastrointestinal parasites could help reduce the risks of infestation. In this study, we investigated the effects of probiotics administration on gastrointestinal parasites coccidia, H. contortus and markers of infection. A cocktail of probiotics mix including Bifidobacterium longum, Bifidobacterium breve, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus reuteri and Lactobacillus rhamnosus (8.5 log CFU/mL) was drenched daily to three months-old male Spanish Boer kid-goats (n = 3) till four weeks of age. Control group of age matched kid-goats received sterile water daily for a 4week period. Body weight, Fecal Egg Count, FAMACHA scores, Packed Cell Volume (PCV) and White Blood Cell Differential Count was determined weekly. Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE) was used to monitor fecal bacteria using bacteria 16 sec rDNA primers. Proinflammatory cytokines, Prostaglandin2 (PGE2) and Immunoglobulin E levels in plasma were evaluated using commercial ELISAs. Results showed no significant difference in PCV, body weight, White Blood Cell Differential Count, FAMACHA score, PGE2 and IgE levels between probiotic drenched and control. However, eggs per gram were increased significantly (p<0.05) probiotics drenched 100, 90 and 120% at weeks 2, 3 and 4 for haemonchus and 70% for coccidia at week 3 respectively. An increase of 50 to 300% in pro-inflammatory cytokines was observed for probiotic drenched over control at weeks 2, 3 and 4. Pro inflammatory cytokine levels were significantly highest (p<0.05) for IFNr, G-CSF and IL-1α when pre-treatment levels were compared to week 4 for probiotic drenched. Results from PCR-DGGE analysis showed significantly increased fecal microbial DNA for probiotics drenched (p<0.05), with no difference in band pattern and staining intensity. Although increases in H. contortus count and Pro-inflammatory cytokine levels were observed, probiotics drenching had no effect against coccidia or H. contortus. This study supports the idea that use of probiotics in ruminants may be impacted by lack of microbial retention in the rumen. Further studies on establishment and retention are needed.
Global Veterinaria
The present study aimed to investigate the effects of the use of natural antioxidant such as Nigella sativa or black cumin seeds (BCS) and organic multi-nutrient antioxidants, as dietary supplements on cellular immune status and evaluate their antimicrobial effects on some enteric pathogens (E. coli and C. perfringens) in goats. We also aimed to detect certain virulence genes of these pathogens using Multiplex PCR. Fifteen, 4-6 months old Baladi goat kids were divided into three equal groups (n=5). Group A was kept as control and fed the basal diet, group B received basal diet supplemented with crushed BCS at ratio of 2% and group C received basal diet supplemented with the organic multi-nutrient antioxidants; zinc methionine (Zn-Met.) and vitamin E with selenium enriched yeast (Vit E\Se) at levels of 2g\kg of diet. All treatments extended for 120 days. Heparinized blood samples were aseptically collected from all goats at day 0 and once at the end of experimental period for immune cell function studies. The cellular immune responses of experimental animals were assessed by lymphocyte proliferation using XTT kit and phagocytic % & phagocytic index using candida albicans. Fecal samples were collected at day 0 and subsequently at 30 days intervals up to 120 days of experimental period for bacteriological examination and total bacterial counts. Multiplex PCR was carried out for detection of virulent genes F41 and K99 genes for E. coli and alpha, beta and epsilon toxin genes for C. perfringens. The obtained results revealed a significant elevation of lymphocyte and phagocytic activities in groups B and C received antioxidants compared with goats in group A fed the basal diet. Moreover, BCS showed antimicrobial effect against some enteric pathogens by inhibition of the intestinal bacterial counts of E. coli and C. perfringens. Detection of some certain virulent genes for the studied pathogens showed positive results to "K99" gene for E. coli and alpha & epsilon toxin genes for C. perfringens type D. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with either N. sativa or multi-nutrient antioxidants (Zn-Met. and Vit E\Se) can be used to provide potent immune cell function in goats. Moreover, N. sativa had proved to have antibacterial effect against some enteric pathogens.
2008
The objective of this study was to compare serum IgG concentrations, blood metabolites indicative of nutritional status, weight gain and mortality rate in goat kids fed a commercial colostral supplement containing immunoglobulins against several pathogen microorganisms, prior to the ingestion of the mother colostrum, and goat kids ingesting natural colostrum only. There was no difference in serum IgG concentrations between 27 kids fed a colostrum supplement (20 g, derived from cow lacteal secretions) prior to the kids' first meal (658±703 mg dl −1) and 21 kids ingesting maternal colostrum freely (1011± 1140 mg dl −1) at 24 hours of birth. Hematocrit values, serum glucose and urea concentrations at 24 hours and 5 days of age were unaffected by treatment. Serum total proteins were 14% higher (P<0.05) in the unsuplemented group than in the supplemented group at 5 d of age. There was no significant difference between the supplemented and unsupplemented kids in daily weight gain from birth to 70 days of age (92±4.8 vs 102±5.1 g day −1). Mortality was 4% for kids receiving the colostrum supplement as compared with 0.0% for kids ingesting maternal colostrum only. Results suggest that, in intensively managed non-dairy goats with kiddings in summer, the supplementation of this commercial colostrum derived from cow lacteal secretions and containing antibodies against diverse pathogens organisms did not enhanced growth, survival or immunity under the farming conditions of this study.