Emission Factors Derived from 13 Euro 6b Light-Duty Vehicles Based on Laboratory and On-Road Measurements (original) (raw)
Related papers
2022
The study investigated the emission of Hydrocarbons (HC), Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx), Carbon monoxide (CO) and Carbon dioxide (CO 2) in vehicles. The study adopted a multiple research design approach to select five cities, garages and vehicles for the study. Whilst the cities were purposefully selected, the garages or fitting shops were selected by first identifying a garage owner who then introduces the researcher to another garage. This approach continued until the 200 targeted vehicles were reached. Two hundred vehicles used for the study were randomly selected as owners of vehicles visited the fitting shops for regular maintenance of their vehicles. The data was analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) to compare the emission of various gasses. The study revealed that diesel vehicles emissions at 34.1 km/hr were considerably reduced when compared with EURO-6. At this speed CO emission was 0.01 g/km and lower than the standard level of 0.50 g/km. Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) emissions of 2.3g/km was higher than the EURO-6 standard of 0.08g/km. Hydrogen Carbons (HC) emission of 0.65g/km was higher than EURO-6 standard of 0.17g/km. It is recommended that advanced technologies with no or little gaseous emissions must be adopted by vehicular manufacturing nations to curb or reduce the emission of harmful gases that leads to global warming.
Energies
The European Union’s ambition to reach climate neutrality and a toxic-free environment by 2050 entails, among other things, cleaner road vehicles. The European Commission’s proposal for the next regulatory emissions standard, Euro 7, requires the measurement of pollutants currently not regulated on the road. In this study we compared a prototype portable emissions measurement system (PEMS) measuring CO2, CO, NO, NO2, N2O, NH3, CH4, and HCHO based on infrared laser absorption modulation (IRLAM), and two Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers with laboratory grade analyzers. To this end, one Euro 6d Diesel, one Euro 6d gasoline, and one Euro 4 gasoline vehicle were tested at −7 °C and 23 °C with various driving cycles covering traffic conditions to highway dynamic driving. The results demonstrated that the differences among the instruments were small: ±1 mg/km for HCHO, N2O, and CH4, ±2.5 mg/km for NH3, ±10–15 mg/km for NOx, ±50 mg/km or ±15% for CO (whichever was larger), an...
Emissions of Euro 6 Mono- and Bi-Fuel Gas Vehicles
Catalysts
Compressed natural gas (CNG) and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) are included in the group of promoted transport fuel alternatives in Europe. Most studies on emissions factors are based on old technology CNG and LPG fueled vehicles. Furthermore, there are not many data at low ambient temperatures, on-road driving, or unregulated pollutants, such as ammonia (NH3). In this study we measured the emissions of one Euro 6b CNG light commercial vehicle, one Euro 6b and one Euro 6d-Temp bi-fuel LPG passenger car, one Euro 6d-Temp bi-fuel CNG passenger car, and four Euro 6d-Temp CNG passenger cars. Tests included on-road testing and worldwide harmonized light vehicles test cycles (WLTC) in the laboratory with cold and hot engine, at 23 °C and −7 °C. The results showed 10–23% CO2 savings in gas modality compared to gasoline, lower CO and particle number emissions, and relatively similar total and non-methane hydrocarbons and NOx emissions. The ammonia emissions were high for all vehicles and fu...
The World-wide harmonized Light duty Test Procedure (WLTP), recently issued as GTR15 by the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE)-World Forum for the Harmonization of Vehicle Regulations (WP29), is designed to check the compliance of Light Duty Vehicles (LDVs) around the world with respect to legislated emission standards, and to establish the reference vehicle fuel consumption and CO₂ performance. In the course of the development of WLTP, from 2010 to 2014, the Joint Research Center (JRC) of the European Commission has tested several gasoline and diesel vehicles, on both the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) and on the progressive versions of the WLTP. Emissions of CO₂, NOx, CO, and THC from twenty-one Euro 4-6 vehicles (twelve gasoline and nine diesel) are reported in this paper to provide a preliminary qualitative comparison of gaseous emissions from such vehicles on the two cycles/procedures. The results demonstrated minimal average differences between CO₂ emissi...
Emissions of Euro 3-5 Passenger Cars Measured Over Different Driving Cycles
The reduction in vehicle exhaust emissions achieved in the last two decades is offset by the growth in traffic, as well as by changes in the composition of emitted pollutants. The present investigation illustrates the emissions of in-use gasoline and diesel passenger cars using the official European driving cycle and the ARTEMIS real-world driving cycle. It was observed that some of the vehicles do not comply with the corresponding regulations. Significant differences in emissions were observed between driving cycles. Not all pollutants showed a tendency to decrease from Euro 3 to Euro 5.