Epidemiological Study of Sheep Anaplasmosis (Anaplasma ovis Infection) in Kairouan, Central Tunisia (original) (raw)
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Journal of Scientific Research and Reports, 2015
Aim: Anaplasmosis is an important economic livestock disease. Limited information on its epidemiology in Iran is still lacking thus the aim of the study was to determine the seroprevalence of the disease in sheep and cattle in Kurdistan province of Western Iran with an overview of one decades of its epidemiological status in Iran. Study Design: This was a mixed cross sectional and longitudinal study carried out for a period of July to September 2013. Using competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (c-ELISA), for anti-Anaplasma antibodies. Methodology: A total of 182 blood samples were collected from 105 cattle and 77 sheep for the detection of antibodies against Anaplasma species using cELISA method. For this purpose, cattle and sheep of different sex and age were examined. Results: Examination of 182 blood samples revealed that 8 (7.62%) and 5 (6.49%) of cattle and 27 sheep were infected with Anaplasma species, respectively. Also, the prevalence of Anaplasma infection in relation to age and sex was not statistically significant.
Pathogens
We conducted a 5-month-long screening of Anaplasma spp. and Anaplasma ovis infection in sheep from central Tunisia. During this longitudinal study, we investigated the infection dynamics using both direct and indirect assessments validated with a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) as the gold standard method. The experimental design included 84 male lambs aged from 6 to 8 months, and 32 ewes, both chosen randomly from June to November with a periodicity of 2 weeks approximately between June and September, and 1 month between September and November. A total of 9 field visits were carried out in this period during which animals were clinically examined and biological samples were extracted. Thus, a total of 716 blood smears, 698 sera from the nine sampling dates, as well as 220 blood samples from the first and the ninth sampling dates were collected from apparently healthy lambs and ewes, respectively, and analyzed by competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA) and polymerase ...
Veterinary World, 2020
Background and Aim: Anaplasma infection is a worldwide prevalent condition that causes significant economic losses in affected flocks. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence and clinical signs associated with ovine anaplasmosis as well as the hematological and biochemical changes associated with the disease in natural infection in North Iraq. Materials and Methods: A total of 420 sheep were appropriately examined, and the clinical signs were documented accordingly. Blood samples were collected and subjected to parasitological, hematological, and biochemical analyses. Results: Anaplasma-infected sheep displayed the following clinical signs: Paleness of the mucous membrane, bloody diarrhea, emaciation, pyrexia, jaundice, nasal discharge, coughing, loss of wool, nervous signs, hemoglobinuria, and lacrimation. The prevalence of Anaplasma infection was 66.19%, and female sheep were significantly (p<0.05) more infected than male sheep. The hematological and biochemical parameters were significantly different between Anaplasma-positive and Anaplasma-negative sheep. Conclusion: Anaplasma infection among sheep is a significant concern in North Iraq considering its prevalence, clinical signs, and hematological and biochemical findings, which entirely causes significant debilitating effects on sheep productivity. It is important to pay more attention toward managing tick infestation among sheep to reduce the occurrence of this rickettsial disease for a more robust livestock sector of the Iraqi economy.
First molecular identification and genetic characterization of Anaplasma ovis in sheep from Tunisia
The aims of this study consist of first estimating the molecular prevalence of Anaplasma ovis with specific species loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) method in sheep (n = 204) from Northern and Central Tunisia. This study also characterizes the genotypes of this Anaplasma species by partial msp4 gene sequence. The molecular prevalence of A. ovis used to record 70.1%. Prevalence rate was significantly higher in El Alia locality (governorate of Bizerte, Northern Tunisia), where it indicated 91.1%, than in Sbikha locality (governorate of Kairouan, Central Tunisia), where it indicated 49.5%. In Sbikha, A. ovis prevalence varied significantly according to two factors, i.e., gender and age. In fact, ewes were significantly more infected than ram lambs. Ticks collected on animals allowed recovering 271 ixodid ticks from El Alia. Ticks belonged to 3 species of Rhipicephalus genus: first, R. turanicus (59.78%) which was the dominant species and which was followed by R. sanguineus (36.16%) and R. annulatus (4.06%). In Sbikha, an absence of ticks was noted in all of the examined sheep. The analysis of A. ovis msp4 sequences revealed four different genotypes; two of them were previously described in Italy and two new other genotypes were classified in an independent cluster. The present work is the first published report of A. ovis infection in sheep in Tunisia. The results indicate the presence of A. ovis at a high rate; hence, the need for a survey into the medical and economic impact of the disease, and the identification of vectors of this bacterium in Tunisia must be made.
Hematologic and Clinical Aspects of Experimental Ovine Anaplasmosis Caused by Anaplasma ovis in Iran
Iranian journal of parasitology, 2012
Anaplasma ovis infections can cause clinical symptoms in acute phase and lead to huge economic losses in flocks. The aim of the present study was to investigate the hematological and parasitological changes in experimental anaplasmosis in sheep with Iranian strain of A. ovis. Five male sheep without any blood parasite infection were selected. One hundred ml heparinized blood was collected from splenectomised sheep that showed 6% A. ovis parasitemia. Inoculums of 20 ml blood were administered intravenously to each test animal. Hematological, parasitological and clinical changes of experimental anaplasmosis were studied in 0-38 days post infection. Parasitemia was detected 3 days post infection and reached its maximum level on the day 12 of experiment in test animals. Then the parasitemia was declined, but the organism could be found persistently until the last day of study. The red cell counts, packed cell volume and hemoglobin concentration were decreased and mean corpuscular volume...
Clinical and Hematological Study on Ovine Anaplasmosis in Sulaimani Province- Iraq
Basrah Journal of Veterinary Research, 2012
A study was carried out on Ovine Anaplasmosis in the Sulaimani province of Iraq from September to December2007. Five hundred thin blood smears were prepared form Peripheral blood of sheep in 10 different localities and stained by Giemsa. The prevalence of Anaplasma Ovis was 24 (4.8%) and the rate was highest 8.8% was among animals above 3 years. The infected animal showed mild fever, hyperpnoea and tachycardia. Hematological values of the infected sheep was as follows: Packed cell volume 22 ± 4.75 % , erythrocyte count 6.42 ± 1.35 ×10 6 / µl , hemoglobin concentration 6.95 ± 1.28 g/dl , mean corpuscular volume 35.5 ± 5.85/ fl , mean corpuscular Hemoglobin concentration 11..04 ± 2.42/ pg, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration 31.62 ± 6.62 g/dl and WBCs 11.15 ± 2.18× 10³ /µl , serum protein value 5.875 ± 0.801 mg/dl, serum calcium 8.341± 1.029 mg/dl, conjugate serum bilirubin 0.85 ± 0.314 mg/dl and serum cholesterol 57.291 ± 6.153 mg/dl.
Veterinary World, 2022
Background and Aim: Ovine anaplasmosis is a rickettsial disease caused by Anaplasma spp. These Gram-negative intracellular bacteria are mainly transmitted by ticks and infected blood cells of caprine, ovine, and wild small ruminants. At present, epidemiological data on anaplasmosis in cattle, dogs, and camels in Egypt are available, but the data about Anaplasma spp. in sheep and goat are scarce. This study aimed to determine the seroprevalence of Anaplasma spp. in small ruminants and assess the associated risk factors. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed to investigate the seroprevalence of Anaplasma spp. in 300 sheep and 300 goats from four governorates in North Egypt using a commercial competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays kit, and the associated risk factors for the infection were evaluated. Results: Overall, the seroprevalence of anti-Anaplasma antibodies was 18.3% and 21.3% in sheep and goats, respectively. A multivariable logistic regression model was used to determine the association between risk factors and Anaplasma spp. infection. Conclusion: Age, animal husbandry, acaricide use, tick infestation, and contact with cattle were the primary risk factors for Anaplasma seropositivity. This study confirms the presence of antibodies against Anaplasma spp. in small ruminants from Egypt. This is the first study to assess the associated risk factors for Anaplasma infection in small ruminants from Egypt. Further studies are needed to improve the understanding of the associated disease factors, facilitating the development of new procedures for control of anaplasmosis in livestock.
Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 2024
Background: Anaplasma sp. is a blood protozoon that causes economic damage to the livestock industry. Therefore, studying this disease's epidemiology and distribution pattern in different regions is essential. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the variety of infections of the Anaplasma sp. in the sheep population of Khuzestan Province in Iran. Methods: A total of 200 sheep blood samples were randomly collected and examined using specific nested polymerase chain reaction (nPCR) based on the 16S rRNA gene. Results: The prevalence of Anaplasma phagocytophilum was 17%, and infected sheep had no clinical signs. The effective risk factors in the spread of infection in Khuzestan Province include sheep aged 3-5 years, low sanitation, high-density farms, use of acaricides in the field, and hot season (P≤0.05). There was no significant association between the occurrence of A. phagocytophilum infection and variables of altitude, farm type, vectors, distance from other farms, and sex. Conclusion: Since the infection often has no clinical symptoms, identifying the risk factors and epidemiology is essential to develop control and prevention planning.
Passer Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2019
The goal of this study was to determine both the incidence of anaplasmosis (Anaplasma Marginale) and phylogenetic relationship between A. marginale isolates from cattle in Sulaimani province, Kurdistan Region- Iraq during (March 10th to April 10th 2021) and those from other Anaplasma spp. A total of two isolates were tested for the major surface protein (msp4) gene for this purpose. Eighty blood samples of cattle (51 males and 29 females) were examined using both microscopic examination and PCR tests. Overall results were 23/80 (28.7 5%) and 8/80 (10 %) using microscopic examination and PCR assay, respectively. Age and sex were not significant factors in the appearance of infection, since no statistically significant difference in infection rate has been observed among sex and age group of cattle (P value >0.05). The results also revealed that the accuracies of traditional method and PCR assays in the diagnosis of the disease were 81 %, and 100 respectively. There was moderate co...
Seroprevalence of Anaplasma spp. among sheep and goats in Charsadda District, Pakistan
Small Ruminant Research, 2019
Anaplasmosis is a widespread tick-borne rickettsial disease responsible for fever, weakness, dyspnea, and progressive anemia in small ruminants, including sheep, goats, deer, and antelope. Anaplasma spp., the causative agent of anaplasmosis, are mainly transmitted via infected ticks to susceptible hosts during blood feeding. These pathogens are particularly devastating to sheep and goat herds in Pakistan, resulting in significant economic losses. However, limited information are available on the epidemiology of Anaplasma spp. among small ruminants in some parts of Pakistan. A commercially available competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA) was used to investigate the seroprevalence of Anaplasma antibodies in small ruminants from the three tehsils of the Charsadda District in Pakistan. A total of 600 blood samples (300 sheep and 300 goat) were collected from small farms as well as a standard survey from farmers at each location describing specific aspects related to their livestock management practices. A multivariable logistic regression model was used to assess the relationship between Anaplasma sero-positivity and associated risk factors. The overall seroprevalence of Anaplasma antibodies was higher in goats (25%) than in sheep (19%). A significantly higher infection rate in animals was observed in the Charsadda tehsil compared to the two other tehsils (Shabqadar and Tangi). Age, adopted grazing system, and administrative division were also significant factors for infection (P ≤ 0.5) in animals from all three tehsils studied. Anaplasma spp. infection is a serious health problem in small ruminants in Pakistan and this is the first study focused on quantifying seroprevalence in sheep and goats in the Charsadda District. Further studies are needed to enhance the understanding of factors related to the disease, which can help design new methods for anaplasmosis control in livestock.