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An Overview of Conventional and Emerging Analytical Methods for the Determination of Mycotoxins

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2009

Mycotoxins are a group of compounds produced by various fungi and excreted into the matrices on which they grow, often food intended for human consumption or animal feed. The high toxicity and carcinogenicity of these compounds and their ability to cause various pathological conditions has led to widespread screening of foods and feeds potentially polluted with them. Maximum permissible levels in different matrices have also been established for some toxins. As these are quite low, analytical methods for determination of mycotoxins have to be both sensitive and specific. In addition, an appropriate sample preparation and pre-concentration method is needed to isolate analytes from rather complicated samples. In this article, an overview of methods for analysis and sample preparation published in the last ten years is given for the most often encountered mycotoxins in different samples, mainly in food. Special emphasis is on liquid chromatography with fluorescence and mass spectrometric detection, while in the field of sample preparation various solid-phase extraction approaches are discussed. However, an overview of other analytical and sample preparation methods less often used is also given. Finally, different matrices where mycotoxins have to be determined are discussed with the emphasis on their specific characteristics important for the analysis (human food and beverages, animal feed, biological samples, environmental samples). Various issues important for accurate qualitative and quantitative analyses are critically discussed: sampling and choice of representative sample, sample preparation and possible bias associated with it, specificity of the analytical method and critical evaluation of results.

Analytical methods for determination of mycotoxins: A review

Analytica Chimica Acta, 2009

Mycotoxins are small (MW ∼700), toxic chemical products formed as secondary metabolites by a few fungal species that readily colonise crops and contaminate them with toxins in the field or after harvest. Ochratoxins and Aflatoxins are mycotoxins of major significance and hence there has been significant research on broad range of analytical and detection techniques that could be useful and practical. Due to the variety of structures of these toxins, it is impossible to use one standard technique for analysis and/or detection. Practical requirements for high-sensitivity analysis and the need for a specialist laboratory setting create challenges for routine analysis. Several existing analytical techniques, which offer flexible and broad-based methods of analysis and in some cases detection, have been discussed in this manuscript. There are a number of methods used, of which many are lab-based, but to our knowledge there seems to be no single technique that stands out above the rest, although analytical liquid chromatography, commonly linked with mass spectroscopy is likely to be popular. This review manuscript discusses (a) sample pretreatment methods such as liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), solid phase extraction (SPE), (b) separation methods such as (TLC), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography (GC), and capillary electrophoresis (CE) and (c) others such as ELISA. Further currents trends, advantages and disadvantages and future prospects of these methods have been discussed.

Advances in Analysis and Detection of Major Mycotoxins in Foods

Foods, 2020

Mycotoxins are the most widely studied biological toxins, which contaminate foods at very low concentrations. This review describes the emerging extraction techniques and the current and alternatives analytical techniques and methods that have been used to successfully detect and identify important mycotoxins. Some of them have proven to be particularly effective in not only the detection of mycotoxins, but also in detecting mycotoxin-producing fungi. Chromatographic techniques such as high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with various detectors like fluorescence, diode array, UV, liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry, and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, have been powerful tools for analyzing and detecting major mycotoxins. Recent progress of the development of rapid immunoaffinity-based detection techniques such as immunoassays and biosensors, as well as emerging technologies like proteomic and genomic methods, molecular techniques, electronic nose, aggregation-induced emission dye, quantitative NMR and hyperspectral imaging for the detection of mycotoxins in foods, have also been presented.

Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Mycotoxins

Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 2009

Mycotoxin toxicity occurs at very low concentrations, therefore sensitive and reliable methods for their detection are required. Consequently, sampling and analysis of mycotoxins is of critical importance because failure to achieve a suitable verified analysis can lead to unacceptable consignments being accepted or satisfactory shipments unnecessarily rejected. The general mycotoxin analyses carried out in laboratories are still based on physicochemical methods, which are continually improved. Further research in mycotoxin analysis has been established in such techniques as screening methods with TLC, GC, HPLC, and LC-MS. In some areas of mycotoxin method development, immunoaffinity columns and multifunctional columns are good choices as cleanup methods. They are appropriate to displace conventional liquid-liquid partitioning or column chromatography cleanup. On the other hand, the need for rapid yes/no decisions for exported or imported products has led to a number of new screening methods, mainly, rapid and easy-to-use test kits based on immuno-analytical principles. In view of the fact that analytical methods for detecting mycotoxins have become more prevalent, sensitive, and specific, surveillance of foods for mycotoxin contamination has become more commonplace. Reliability of methods and well-defined performance characteristics are essential for method validation. This article covers some of the latest activities and progress in qualitative and quantitative mycotoxin analysis.

Develoment, evaluation and application of methods for mycotoxin analysis

Solid-phase extraction Mycotoxin determination and analytical methods Thin-layer chromatographic method Gas chromatographic method High-performance liquid chromatography coupled to classical detectors Liquid chromatography with mass spectrometric detection Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays Thesis outline Objectives References Chapter 2: Acetone-based extraction solvents for the determination of

Mycotoxins: A Review of Toxicology, Analytical Methods and Health Risks

2000

The present paper focuses on the most important mycotoxins involved in human diseases and on their analysis in foodstuffs. Mycotoxins are metabolites produced by fungi causing acute and chronic adverse effects in humans and animals. The most mycotoxin exposures are chronic generating irreversible effects as cancer or immune suppression, so that mycotoxicoses are sometimes difficult to diagnose. Acute poisoning can

Various Analytical Techniques Involved In Mycotoxin Detection and Estimation

Egyptian Journal of Chemistry and Environmental Health

The aim of this review was to discuss the various analytical techniques involved in mycotoxin detection and estimation. Mycotoxins to be analyzed are originally present in contaminated samples. Hence, mycotoxins must be extracted with different extraction methods and cleaned-up prior to detection techniques, if reliable results are to be obtained. Extraction procedures include extraction of mycotoxins from feeds and foodstuffs. SPE and IAC-cleanup will become of increasing importance as sample preparation techniques prior to instrumental analysis. Immunoaffinity cleanup techniques with high-resolution chromatography showed the most selectivity for mycotoxin analysis. Recently, advances using tandem or mixed selectivity immunoaffinity cartridges have demonstrated the feasibility of multi target mycotoxin assays. In the early 1980s, TLC was the most widely used chromatographic technique applied to mycotoxins because of its relatively simple, fast, and inexpensive properties; however, it has some disadvantages, such a slow sensitivity, high detection limit, and lack of potential for automation. Consequently, it is now almost replaced by the HPLC techniques. Among the available detectors, the most frequently used are PDA, UV, and Fl, which have a particular application in the field of mycotoxins. HPLC-MS has all the HPLC advantages for trace level detection and confirmation, especially for complex matrices and it can obtain qualitative data concerning the identity of mycotoxins. The great potential of LC-MS/MS for screening large amounts of samples for the presence of a number of mycotoxins has recently been demonstrated. Immunoassays that deliver quantitative or semi quantitative results, still represent the most frequently used rapid methods. There is an ongoing development toward quick and reliable methods providing rapid yes/no decisions or semi quantitative results. Also, many projects are in progress aiming to avoid purification step, for example, to measure the analytes directly after extraction. Easy to-use methods are often either too expensive or show a lack of sensitivity. In a nutshell, the previously mentioned methods have their advantages and disadvantages, and the desired method selection should be done according to the analytical objective, sample properties, and environmental conditions. Although there are some reports for qualitative and quantitative analysis of mycotoxins, rapid and sensitive quantitative methods are still high on the wish list.

Mycotoxin: rapid detection, differentiation and safety

Abstract Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by fungi, which cause health hazards to animals and human beings. These may be produced on cereals or fodder, or in the animal diets. Some animal diets contain several toxigenic species of mould, which may produce a number of mycotoxins having different toxic substances. The purpose of the present review is to gather up-to-date knowledge about harmful effects and toxicity of mycotoxins. The review is focused on the structures, toxicity, their occurrences in food and some analytical issues such as sampling, methods for their analysis and the emerging mycotoxin detection techniques, which can be used as simple and rapid screening tests for cost-effective control of mycotoxin and their products.