Earnings in Poland: The Private Versus the Public Sector (original) (raw)
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This paper analyses the changes in the size distribution of wages in Poland over a decade of transition. Until about 1998 there were some forces tending to increase wage inequality and other forces contracting it. The result was a relatively constant level of inequality. Privatisation was the main force tending to increase wage inequality, partly because it generated major increases in the relative wages of professional and managerial workers. We demonstrate how private firms tend to pay less at the bottom end of the wage distribution and more at the top end. The main force contracting the variance of wages was the decline, between 1992 and 1998 in labour market participation of those with low levels of education. Wage inequality seems to have increased since 2000. Suggestively, whereas privatisation has continued, the decline in participation has halted.
Factors affecting men’s and women’s earnings in Poland
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The situation of women in the labour market is subject to European Union policy. This is due to prevention of discrimination and promotion of sustainable growth and development. There is a large body of literature describing national and regional labour markets; however, research on the situation in post-communist countries is not provided so often. The goal and contribution to the existing literature is to fill the gap concerning investigation for the Polish labour market. The aim of the research is to identify determinants influencing wages in Poland and to find out if wages obtained by men and women depend on the same factors. Analysis is provided applying statistical analysis and ordered logit models based on the individual data from the Polish Labour Force Survey. The main determinants of wages in Poland are: gender, age or job seniority, level of education, size of firm and occupation. However, the influence of these factors in the following periods and samples (containing all, female and male employees) may be different. Women earn less than men in all education classes and in all NACE branches (NACE-Statistical Classification of Economic Activities in the European Community) branches and this disparity has increased over time. The most important factor of gender income inequality is female segregation into low-wage jobs.
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Wage Returns to Different Education Levels : Evidence from Poland
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The aim of this paper is to analyse changes in the wage premium for different educational levels in Poland in the period 1995–2013. The main focus is placed on vocational education. An OECD (2010) report states that vocational education and training (VET) can play a central role in preparing young people for work, developing the skills of adults, and responding to the labour-market needs of the economy. Despite this role, VET has been unaccountably neglected and marginalised in policy discussions, often being overshadowed by the increasing emphasis on general academic education and the role of schools in preparing students for university education. It has also often been seen as low status by students and the general public. The importance of vocational education has been also underlined by the European Commission, which makes great efforts to improve the quality of training, teachers, trainers and other professionals in the sector, as well as to make courses more relevant to the la...
Count your hours: returns to education in Poland
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We show how significant may be the difference in the estimated returns to education in Poland conditional on the measure of wages used and the estimation approach applied. Combining information from two different Polish surveys from 2005 and taking advantage of the Polish microsimulation model (SIMPL) we demonstrate how different the results can be depending on whether we use net or gross, and monthly or hourly wages, and show how important selection correction is for the conclusion. While there are several papers examining the wage equation in Poland, so far none of them has provided a comprehensive analysis of the effects of using different methods and the issue of selection-correction in the estimation of the wage equation in Poland has not been examined in detail. Annual rates of return to university education for men vary from 6.7% to 9.7% and for women from 8.0% to 13.4% when we compare results using net monthly wages without correcting for labor market selection to those from a selection corrected specification using gross hourly wages. We also demonstrate that simple linear estimation performs relatively well for men in comparison to our preferred selection corrected estimation, while using family demographics as exclusion restrictions seems to be the "second best" in the case of the wage equation estimation for women.
Societas et Iurisprudentia, 2021
The aim of this paper is to analyse selected issues related to the phenomenon of the self-employment in Poland from the perspective of the competitiveness of the labour market. This topic remains particularly relevant in the view of the growing number of the self-employed in Poland. It also touches upon an important constitutional sphere related, on the one hand, to the guaranteed social rights of working people (the rights of the second generation) and, on the other hand, to the right to freedom of economic activity. The Polish practice to this day is not fully able to deal effectively with the problem of fictitious self-employment. This text is of a contributory nature. Its purpose is to indicate some research problems related to the phenomenon of the self-employment in Poland from the perspective of the market competitiveness and social burdens as well as to indicate the main weaknesses of the current material and procedural solutions in this matter.
Employment in Poland 2011. Poverty and Jobs
All opinions and conclusions included in this publication constitute the authors' views and do not necessarily reflect the official position of the Ministry of Labour and Social Policy. This report was prepared as part of the project Analysis of the labour market processes and social integration in Poland in the context of economic policy carried out by the Human Resources Development Centre, co-financed by the European Social Fund and initiated by the Department of Economic Analyses and Forecasts at the Ministry of Labour and Social Policy.