Chlamydia prevalence in the general population: is there a sex difference? a systematic review (original) (raw)
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Chlamydia trachomatis in the United Kingdom: a systematic review and analysis of prevalence studies
Sexually Transmitted Infections, 2004
N This study presents the first systematic review and analysis of chlamydia prevalence studies in the United Kingdom. It explores the important determinants of chlamydial infection, and provides estimates of the prevalence for various populations N The results highlight the high prevalence among younger age groups and in clinical settings. The choice of test and specimen, and the date of testing were not strongly associated with chlamydia prevalence. There is also a paucity of data on prevalence in males and in the general population in the United Kingdom N These prevalence estimates can be used to inform chlamydia screening strategies C trachomatis in the UK
Prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis Infection Among Men Screened in 4 U.S. Cities
Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 2005
The objective of this study was to measure the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) infection among men in clinical and nonclinical settings across the United States. Goal: The goal of this study was to obtain data to inform recommendations regarding male CT screening. Study: The authors conducted a cross-sectional study of CT prevalence among adolescent and adult men in 4 U.S. cities (Baltimore, Denver, San Francisco, and Seattle). CT was detected using urinebased testing, and prevalence was calculated for first testing event. Results: Over 23,000 men were tested for CT over a 3 1 ⁄2-year period. The majority (96%) were asymptomatic. Overall, prevalence was 7% and varied significantly between cities (range: Seattle, 1%; Baltimore, 12%), by age (peak prevalence at age 20-24 years, 9%), and between venues where CT testing was offered. Conclusions: At 7%, the prevalence of CT is moderately high among men opportunistically tested in nonclinical and clinical settings.
Screening and treatment of Chlamydia trachomatis infections
BMJ, 2010
Chlamydia trachomatis is the most commonly diagnosed bacterial sexually transmitted infection worldwide. 1 2 Numbers of diagnoses have increased over the past 10 years as a result of more sensitive tests and increased testing. Genital infection with C trachomatis is asymptomatic in 50-88% of men and women, w1 and 46% of infections clear spontaneously within a year. 3 Persistent chlamydia infection can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease, ectopic pregnancy, and tubal infertility in women w2 and epididymitis and epididymo-orchitis in men. 2 Here, we describe the diagnosis and management of chlamydia and discuss control strategies. Guidance on the laboratory diagnosis and treatment of chlamydia has a strong evidence base, but evidence on the natural course of infection and optimum control strategies is less robust. How common is chlamydia infection and who gets it? Infection can occur at any age but is most common in people under 25, w3 with rates of diagnosis peaking in women aged 16-19 and men aged 20-24 (fig 1). This may be because people in these age groups change partners frequently and because women clear the infection more quickly with increasing age. 3 Risk factors include age under 25 years, two or more sexual partners in the past year, and recent change of partner. Although the true prevalence of this infection is not known, a systematic review in the United Kingdom estimated that 4-5% of women under 20 in the general population and 8-17% of women under 20 attending sexual health services were infected. Fewer data were available for men, but the review concluded that mean prevalence estimates by setting were similar to those for women. 4 European studies report similar figures for women. w5 SummaRy pointS Chlamydia is most common in people aged 16-25 and is usually asymptomatic Untreated infection can cause pelvic inflammatory disease, ectopic pregnancy, and subfertility Nucleic acid amplification testing is highly sensitive on non-invasive samples such as urine and self taken vaginal swabs Mathematical modelling suggests that screening could reduce the prevalence of infection The English national chlamydia screening programme aims to test sexually active under 25s by offering tests in general practice, pharmacies, sexual and reproductive health services, and other venues they visit Partners and ex partners of test positive patients should be tested and treated
Prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis in young men in north west London
Sexually Transmitted Infections, 2000
Background: Chlamydia trachomatis is the most common, treatable, bacterial sexually transmitted infection in England and Wales. Among men, chlamydial infection is an important cause of non-gonococcal urethritis, epididymitis, and proctitis. The case for wider screening among women has been accepted by an expert advisory group. In the absence of estimates of the prevalence of infection in men, its potential impact at the population level is diYcult to assess. Objective: To estimate the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis in young men in clinic and community based samples in north west London. Method: Cross sectional survey in healthcare centres and general practices in north west London. 1002 males aged 18-35 years, living in north west London, were recruited by staV in occupational health departments, general practices, student health services, and a "well man" clinic and by postal recruitment in four GP practices. The men were tested for C trachomatis using the ligase chain reaction assay on urine samples. The main outcome measure was prevalence of C trachomatis infection in men aged 18-35 years. Results: The overall response rate was 51%. Prevalence of confirmed infection was 1.9% (95% CI: 1.14% to 2.96%) in all men. Best estimated minimum prevalence of infection was 1% (95% CI: 0.58% to 1.50%). Estimated prevalence was highest among men aged over 30 years.
Journal of Medical Microbiology, 1994
A study of Chlamydia trachomatis infection was conducted in two stages on 15 656 subjects at urogenital clinics of the Faculty of Medicine and Surgery at La Sapienza University in Rome, the S. Anna Hospital in Turin, and the Niguarda Hospital in Milan. The overall incidence of the disease was 6-4 YO in patients examined throughout the whole study period. The rate of positive cases was 5-8 YO for the 5270 patients examined up to 1990, and 6-7 YO for the 10386 patients examined from 1990 to 1992, showing an increasing trend. There was a much higher positivity rate in men (9.8 YO) than in women (6.0 YO); the difference was statistically significant. Of all patients, 60 YO, were asymptomatic. In symptomatic patients, C. trachomatis was present in 18.5 YO of cases of non-gonococcal urethritis and in 12.8 YO of cases of salpingitis. The highest incidence of C. trachomatis infection was in women who had begun sexual activity at an early age, (under 25 years in age), had several sexual partners and used intra-uterine contraceptive devices or spermicides or both.
Prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis Infection in the Turkish Female Population
Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation, 1990
In a prospective controlled study, we aimed to determine the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in Jordanian women attending an infertility clinic and whether screening is useful as part of routine investigations for infertility. Two groups of patients (152 infertile patients and 146 control patients) had endocervical swab testing by polymerase chain reaction for the presence of C. trachomatis infection. A total of 6/152 patients in the infertility group tested positive for C. trachomatis (3.9%), compared with 1/146 patients in the control group (0.7%), a difference that was not statistically significant. In view of the tendency toward increased prevalence of C. trachomatis infection, screening women for chlamydial infection as part of routine investigations for infertility is recommended.
Prevalence of chlamydia trachomatis and its association with other STIs
Prevalence of chlamydia trachomatis and its association with other STIs, 2018
Background: Chlamydia trachomatis is the most common bacterial sexually transmitted infections worldwide. Studies from India have reported varying prevalence rate of C. trachomatis. They also increase susceptibility of HIV, gonococcal and syphilis infection. Aim: To study the prevalence of Chlamydia and its association with other STIs in patients attending outdoor department at a tertiary care hospital. Material and Methods: The present cross sectional study enrolled 100 clinically suspected cases of having STI attending the STD outpatient clinic of a tertiary care hospital. Genital discharge specimens (endocervical, vaginal, and urethral swabs) were collected from all the patients. The patients were investigated for the presence of antigen C. trachomatis with the help of immunochromatographic detection. Investigations of other STIs were carried out using the standard methods. Results: Prevalence of Chlamydia infection was found to be 2%. Out of 23 total positive STI cases 5 cases were of co-infection. Syphilis was most common infection associated with other STIs. One male was having gonorrhoea and syphilis co-infection. Two men were having Chlamydia infection along with Syphilis. HIV and Syphilis co-infection was present in 2 males. Conclusion: In present study, low prevalence of 2% of Chlamydia infection was found. Further studies with involvement of large population, symptomatic and asymptomatic will help to determine more accurate prevalence of Chlamydia infection.
Asymptomatic Chlamydia trachomatis Infections Among Sexually Active Men
Journal of Infectious Diseases, 1986
The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence and predictors of Chlamydia trachomatis infection among young adult low-risk women attending either of two inner-city family planning clinics in Trabzon, the most densely populated city in Turkey's Black Sea region. The study group comprised 150 sexually active women attending either of two family planning clinics. Two endocervical swabs were collected from each woman and tested for the presence of C. trachomatis by tissue culture and a commercially available enzyme immunoassay (ELISA). Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to identify the associations of clinical factors for predicting C. trachomatis infection. C. trachomatis was detected in 19 of the samples (12.7%) by cell culture and in 15 (9.9%) by ELISA. None of the demographic characteristics could be associated with the state of infection, but the women preferring the withdrawal method for contraception accounted for a significantly higher percentage of the C. trachomatis-positive cases than women who used other contraceptive methods. The most frequent signs of cervical infection were vaginal discharge (