Mechatronic Design and Active Disturbance Rejection Control of a Bag Valve-Based Mechanical Ventilator (original) (raw)
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Mechanical Ventilator Control System Using Low-Cost Pressure Sensors
2021 International Conference on Computer Science, Information Technology, and Electrical Engineering (ICOMITEE), 2021
The increasingly active cases of people with the COVID-19 viruses have reached a very worrying level in most countries globally. The availability of ventilators in hospitals is one factor that increases the number of deaths in Indonesia. In this study, we present a control system on a mechanical ventilator using an inexpensive pressure sensor to control pressure, flow rate, and volume during the process of inspiration and expiration. The implemented method uses the venturi meter concept by comparing two air pressure sensors flowed by the Ambu bag. The control system on this ventilator uses a microcontroller and MPX5050DP sensor. The system tries to maintain the PEEP value of 5 cmH2O, and the feedback obtained ranges from 2.7-5.16 cmH2O. At the same time, the expected flowrate value of 55 L/min can be maintained at a value of 53.9-59.5 L/min. The tidal volume, which functions as a limiter for inspiration and expiration, is set at a value of 400 ml; the feedback given by the sensor varies between 416 ml-436 ml. Nevertheless, on the other hand, this system needs to be developed further because there are problems with sensor precision.
Journal of Healthcare Engineering, 2022
e outbreak of novel COVID-19 has severely and unprecedentedly affected millions of people across the globe. e painful respiratory distress caused during this disease calls for external assistance to the victims in the form of ventilation. e most common types of artificial ventilating units available at the healthcare facilities and hospitals are exorbitantly expensive to manufacture, and their number is fairly inadequate even in the so-called developed countries to cater to the burning needs of an ever-increasing number of ailing human subjects. According to available reports, without the provision of ventilation, the novel COVID-19 patients are succumbing to their ailments in a huge number of cases. is colossal problem of the availability of ventilator units can be addressed to a great extent by readily producible and cost-effective ventilating units that can be used on those suffering patients during an acute emergency and in the absence of conventional expensive ventilators at hospitals and medical care units. is paper has made an attempt to design and simulate a simple, yet effective, mechanized ventilator unit, which can be conveniently assembled without a profuse skillset and operated to resuscitate an ailing human patient. e stepper motor-controlled kinematic linkage is designed to deliver the patient with a necessitated discharge of air at optimum oxygen saturation through the AMBU bag connected in a ventilation circuit. With the associated code on MATLAB, the motor control parameters such as angular displacement and speed are deduced according to the input patient conditions (age group, tidal volume, breathing rate, etc.) and thereafter fed to the controller that drives the stepper motor. With a proposed feedback loop, the real-time static and dynamic compliance, airway resistance values can be approximately determined from the pressure variation cycle and fed to the controller unit to adjust the tidal volume as and when necessary. e simplistic yet robust design not only renders easy manufacturability by conventional and rapid prototyping techniques like 3D printing at different scales but also makes the product easily portable with minimal handling difficulty. Keeping the motto of Health for All as envisioned by the WHO, this low-cost indigenously engineered ventilator will definitely help the poor and afflicted towards their right to health and will help the medical professionals buy some time to manage the patient with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) towards recovery. Moreover, this instrument mostly includes readily available functional units having standard specifications and can be considered as standard bought-out items.
Development of a control algorithm for a bag valve mask ventilator
Medical Devices Innovation for Africa: enabling industrialisation
People infected with COVID-19 can experience trouble breathing since the virus primarily attacks the lungs. It is a highly contagious virus that can be transmitted easily. Leading to high numbers of hospitalised patients, and hospitals can become overwhelmed. Ventilation is the primary source of treatment in severe cases, shortages of equipment can occur leading to a high death rate. The present paper aims to design and develop a low cost, user-friendly and automated bag valve mask ventilator capable of supplying oxygen to a patient. During the pandemic, we were using traditional intensive care ventilators since manual ventilation prompt to some serious health risks. The device is using a simple hardware device such as Arduino.
Mechanical ventilator is a medical device which is usually utilized to ventilate patients who cannot breathe adequately on their own. Among many types of ventilators Bag Valve Mask (BVM) is a manual ventilator in which a bag is pressed to deliver air into the lungs of the patient. In present work, a mechanical system along with microcontroller has been developed to automate the operation of BVM. The constructed prototype contains two arms of 0.30 m long, powered by two servo motors through pulling wires and pulleys, supported by wooden frame. These arms compress the BVM in prescribed manner at the rate set by the operator through a control knob. With principal dimensions of 0.55m*0.15m*0.3m, weight 2.5 kg and three 9 V battery for supplying power for at least one hour continuous operation, the prototype can be moved easily. The dimensions of the frame are selected as such to be compatible with the physical dimension of Ambu bag. The performance of the device was tested using BIOPAC Airflow Transducer which illustrates that the Tidal Volume vs. Time graph of the automated system is similar to the graph produced by manual operation of the BVM and to the graph produced by a human subject, but with a mean deviation of 0.332 Litres with manual operation and 0.542 Litres with human subject. Although the developed device cannot compress the bag completely due to low powered servo motors, it proves the concept of automating the operation of BVM using mechanical system for developing a portable ventilator.
Design of a Multi-Control Objective Rescue Mechanical Ventilation System (Linshomator)
Frontiers in Medical Technology, 2020
In recent years, the need for a low-cost emergency ventilation system has increased unprecedentedly. Mechanical ventilation systems are widely used to cater to sudden oxygen demands, low breathing rates, and critical conditions during bradycardia and tachycardia. In this research, a new design of mechanical ventilation system synced with the tidal volume requirements of the patient using a piezoelectric belt has been proposed. The device proposed has various modes of ventilation-ACV (assisted controlled ventilation), SIMV (synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation), and NIV (non-invasive ventilation), depending on the patient's requirements. A digital interface or user-friendly software has also been developed to help medical professionals easily monitor a patient's medical conditions. Finally, the automation that controls the ventilation mechanism of the device has been tested and validated with a conventional ventilator, and it has been found that the accuracy of the device in terms of delivering the exact quantity of air into the patient according to his requirements has been improved significantly. Further, the comparative study of the experimental data indicated that 5-10% error in detecting inhale and exhale attempt of a patient was detected with the conventional ventilator.
www.repcomseet.org, 2023
Key medical equipment that is needed for effectively dealing with critical patients arising from COVID-19 infected patience is the Mechanical Ventilator. When the lungs are so damaged that a patient is not getting enough oxygen or exhaling carbon dioxide, the ventilator is used. A prior mechanical ventilator design did not incorporate mechanically adjustable inspiratory to expiratory ratio but through the use of electronic circuit boards and numerous central processing units (CPU) and sensors which often fails during use. In addition, most mechanical ventilators are either designed for adults or children; but not both. In Nigeria, electrical power supply to ensure uninterrupted power supply can be a challenge due to epileptic power supply from the utility companies. This paper presents the results of the development and prototyping of an electrically powered cam-actuated mechanical ventilator .mechanism for adjusting the inspiratory to the expiratory ratio (I/E) in the range 1:2 to 1:3. A breadth per minute of 12 to 25 was achieved after experimentation. This is expected to provide adequate breaths per minute (bpm) for the critical care of a COVID-19 patient. A careful design of the structural supports was able to interchangeably admit AMBU bags for pediatric use and adults. This adaptation eliminates the need for providing an independent mechanical ventilator system for adults and children. A modern sense approach and automatically activate other sources of electrical power to keep the mechanical ventilator running was explored for guaranteed performance during service.
A Low-cost, Automated, Portable Mechanical Ventilator for Developing World
2021 IEEE Global Humanitarian Technology Conference (GHTC), 2021
A large portion of world's population, especially in developing world, gets affected by the respiratory diseases. Often these patients need a medical device called a ventilator for assistance with their breathing. The ventilator is an expensive and complicated equipment and is often unavailable to patients, leading to severe complications and mortality. In this paper, we present a system that automates the use of a conventional bag valve mask (BVM) and regulates its operation to mimic the response of an ICU Ventilator for life saving applications. The system consists of motorized actuators, sensors, valves and a control system to achieve controlled volume ventilation. This paper presents system design and implementation techniques for this low-cost design. The system has been tested extensively using ventilator testers and is being developed into a product for use in under-resourced settings.
Design and Prototyping of a Low-Cost Portable Mechanical Ventilator
Journal of Medical Devices, 2010
This paper describes the design and prototyping of a low-cost portable mechanical ventilator for use in mass casualty cases and resource-poor environments. The ventilator delivers breaths by compressing a conventional bag-valve mask (BVM) with a pivoting cam arm, eliminating the need for a human operator for the BVM. An initial prototype was built out of acrylic, measuring 11.25×6.7×8 in.3 and weighing 9 lbs. It is driven by an electric motor powered by a 14.8 VDC battery and features an adjustable tidal volume up to a maximum of 750 ml. Tidal volume and number of breaths per minute are set via user-friendly input knobs. The prototype also features an assist-control mode and an alarm to indicate overpressurization of the system. Future iterations of the device will include a controllable inspiration to expiration time ratio, a pressure relief valve, PEEP capabilities, and an LCD screen. With a prototyping cost of only $420, the bulk-manufacturing price for the ventilator is estimate...
A lung for all: Novel mechanical ventilator for emergency and low-resource settings
Life Sciences, 2020
To create a low-cost ventilator that could be constructed with readily-available hospital equipment for use in emergency or low-resource settings. Main methods: The novel ventilator consists of an inspiratory limb composed of an elastic flow-inflating bag encased within a non-compliant outer sheath and an expiratory limb composed of a series of two, one-way bidirectional splitter valves derived from a self-inflating bag system. An Arduino Uno microcontroller controls a solenoid valve that can be programmed to open and close to produce a set respiratory rate and inspiratory time. Using an ASL 5000 Lung Simulator, we obtained flow, pressure, and volume waveforms at different lung compliances. Key findings: At a static lung compliance of 50 mL/cm H 2 O and an airway resistance of 6 cm H 2 O/L/s, ventilated at a PIP and PEEP of 16 and 5 cm H 2 O, respectively, tidal volumes of approximately 540 mL were achieved. At a static lung compliance of 20 mL/cm H 2 O and an airway resistance of 6 cm H 2 O/L/s, ventilated at a PIP and PEEP of 38 and 15 cm H 2 O, respectively, tidal volumes of approximately 495 mL were achieved. Significance: This novel ventilator is able to safely and reliably ventilate patients with a range of pulmonary disease in a simulated setting. Opportunities exist to utilize our ventilator in emergency situations and lowresource settings.
Designing an Electro-Mechanical Ventilator Based on Double CAM Integration Mechanism
2019 1st International Conference on Advances in Science, Engineering and Robotics Technology (ICASERT), 2019
This paper proposes a simplified structure of microcontroller based mechanical ventilator integrated with a Bag-Valve-Musk (BVM) ventilation mechanism. Here, an Ambu bag is operated with computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) arm that is commanded via a microcontroller and manual switches by sending a control signal to the mechanical system and according to this control signal, the mechanical computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) arm simultaneously compresses and decompresses the Ambu bag. It is a selfinflating bag and like a one-way valve around its inlet and outlet corner. By compressing the Ambu bag it delivers air and by relaxing, it takes air from the environment through a mechanical scavenger. The control signals are designed with three modes named adult mode, pediatric mode, and child mode based on the respiratory rate. The device is in assist controlled mode by dint of fixing the tidal volume for all unique control signals. The control signal is visualized by a platform known as the BIOPAC student's lab system. The proposed device is portable, compact, low weight, and efficient performable. It can be supplied around the rural area hospitals for immediate medication with cost efficiency and risk avoidance. Anyone can operate it as no need to study or training of ventilation rules like ICU ventilator. The proposed system is safe, riskless, and repairable. The angle, volume, and respiratory measurement have found 95%, 92%, and 90% accuracy respectively. By applying this portable ventilator system immediate attention can be taken up in rural or general hospitals and in ambulances.