Composite Materials with Natural Fibers - Book Chapter in Fiber-Reinforced Plastic (original) (raw)
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Composite Materials with Natural Fibers
Fiber-Reinforced Plastic [Working Title], 2022
The materials involved in the fabrication of biocomposites have dissimilar physical and chemical properties. More important, the newly created materials exhibit anisotropy and their performance is strongly influenced by the hydrophobic nature of the natural fibers used as reinforcement materials. Beyond a compressive discussion regarding the potential of composite materials with natural fibers in engineering applications, the chapter focuses on simulation of their behavior under applied loads. Modern experimental approaches for defining and validating computer simulations are also introduced. Finally, health hazards and biodegradability issues are evaluated. The new trends in biocomposites materials for engineering applications are briefly discussed.
A review on engineering biocomposites and natural fiber-reinforced materials
Journal of Sustainable Construction Materials and Technologies
Fiber-reinforced polymer composites are well-studied and established products, and today they are being used in different industrial and non-industrial areas. However, the increased interest in recyclability and the concerns about climate change caused materials scientists to look for a non-petroleum-based alternative to synthetic fibers and polymers. Since the beginning of this century, natural fibers and biopolymers have attracted increasing interest each year for composite applications. Thanks to this interest, studies on natural fibers and biopolymers have increased significantly. Despite the high number of studies on natural fibers and natural fiber-reinforced polymers (NFRP), there are gaps in the literature. This work reviews studies on natural fibers, biopolymers, and biocomposites with their advantages, disadvantages, and limitations. Studies that focus on the ways to reduce or eliminate these disadvantages and limitations have also been looked at. Also, current challenges ...
Natural fibre-reinforced composites for bioengineering and environmental engineering applications
Recently, the mankind has realized that unless environment is protected, he himself will be threatened by the over consumption of natural resource as well as substantial reduction of fresh air produced in the world. Conservation of forests and optimal utilization of agricultural and other renewable resources like solar and wind energies, and recently, tidal energy have become important topics worldwide. In such concern, the use of renewable resources such as plant and animal based fibre-reinforce polymeric composites , has been becoming an important design criterion for designing and manufacturing components for all industrial products. Research on biodegradable polymeric composites, can contribute for green and safe environment to some extent. In the biomedical and bioengineered field, the use of natural fibre mixed with biodegradable and bioresorbable polymers can produce joints and bone fixtures to alleviate pain for patients. In this paper, a comprehensive review on different kinds of natural fibre composites will be given. Their potential in future development of different kinds of engineering and domestic products will also be discussed in detail.
Biocomposites reinforced with natural fibers: 2000–2010
Progress in Polymer Science, 2012
Due to environment and sustainability issues, this century has witnessed remarkable achievements in green technology in the field of materials science through the development of biocomposites. The development of high-performance materials made from natural resources is increasing worldwide. The greatest challenge in working with natural fiber reinforced plastic composites is their large variation in properties and characteristics. A biocomposite's properties are influenced by a number of variables, including the fiber type, environmental conditions (where the plant fibers are sourced), processing methods, and any modification of the fiber. It is also known that recently there has been a surge of interest in the industrial applications of composites containing biofibers reinforced with biopolymers. Biopolymers have seen a tremendous increase in use as a matrix for biofiber reinforced composites. A comprehensive review of literature (from 2000 to 2010) on the mostly readily utilized natural fibers and biopolymers is presented in this paper. The overall characteristics of reinforcing fibers used in biocomposites, including source, type, structure, composition, as well as mechanical properties, will be reviewed. Moreover, the modification methods; physical (corona and plasma treatment) and chemical (silane, alkaline, acetylation, maleated coupling, and enzyme treatment) will be discussed. The most popular matrices in biofiber reinforced composites based on petrochemical and renewable resources will also be addressed. The wide variety of biocomposite processing techniques as well as the factors (moisture content, fiber type and content, coupling agents and their influence on composites properties) affecting these processes will be discussed. Prior to the processing of biocomposites, semi-finished product manufacturing is also vital, which will be illustrated. Processing technologies for biofiber reinforced composites will be discussed based on thermoplastic matrices (compression molding, extrusion, injection molding, LFT-D-method, and thermoforming), and thermosets (resin transfer molding, sheet molding compound). Other implemented processes, i.e., thermoset compression molding and pultrusion and their influence on mechanical performance (tensile, flexural and impact properties) will also be evaluated. Finally, the review will conclude with recent developments and future trends of biocomposites as well as key issues that need to be addressed and resolved.
Based on the sustainability benefits, biofibers such as plant fibers are replacing synthetic fibers in composites. These fibers are used to manufacture several biocomposites. The chemical composition and properties of each of the fibers changes, which demands the detailed comparison of these fibers. The reinforcement potential of natural fibers and their properties have been described in numerous papers. Today, high performance biocomposites are produced from several years of research. Plant fibers, particularly bast and leaf, find applications in automotive industries. While most of the other fibers are explored in lab scales they have not yet found large-scale commercial applications. It is necessary to also consider other fibers such as ones made from seed (coir) and animals (chicken feather) as they are secondary or made from waste products. Few plant fibers such as bast fibers are often reviewed briefly but other plant and animal fibers are not discussed in detail. This review paper discusses all the six types of plant fibers such as bast, leaf, seed, straw, grass, and wood, together with animal fibers and regenerated cellulose fibers. Additionally, the review considers developments dealing with natural fibers and their composites. The fiber source, extraction, availability, type, composition, and mechanical properties are discussed. The advantages and disadvantages of using each biofiber are discussed. Three fabric architectures such as nonwoven, woven and knitted have been briefly discussed. Finally, the paper presents the overview of the results from the composites made from each fiber with suitable references for in-depth studies.
A Review on Natural Fibre-Reinforced Biopolymer Composites: Properties and Applications
In ongoing decades, material researchers and scientists are giving more consideration towards the improvement of biobased polymer composites as various employments of items arranged by natural fibres and petrochemical polymers prompt natural awkwardness. The goal of this review paper is to provide an intensive review and applications of the foremost appropriate commonly used biodegradable polymer composites. It is imperative to build up the completely/incompletely biodegradable polymer composites without bargaining the mechanical, physical, and thermal properties which are required for the end-use applications. This reality roused to create biocomposite with better execution alongside the least natural effect. The utilization of natural fibre-reinforced polymer composites is concerned with the mechanical properties that are highly dependent on the morphology, hydrophilic tendency, aspect ratio, and dimensional stability of the natural fibre. With this in-depth consideration of eco-friendly biocomposites, structural application materials in the infrastructure, automotive industry, and consumer applications of the following decade are attainable within the near future.
Biocomposites reinforced with natural fibers:thermal, morphological and mechanical characterization
Materia-rio De Janeiro, 2017
This study evaluates the thermal, morphological and mechanical behavior of polypropylene (PP) composite with different natural fibers. The fibers used were wood, sugarcane, bamboo, babassu, coconut and kenaf with and without coupling agent. The thermal, morphological and mechanical properties were evaluated, and a composite PP+GFPP (glass fiber) was used as reference. The interaction at the interface fiber-polymer matrix was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) at the fractured surface of the composites, as expected the presence of maleic anhydride (MA) as coupling agent increasedthe interaction at the interface. The influence of natural fiber in the degree of crystallinity of the composites was evaluated by DSC analysis. The samples of PP+GFPP and PP+(PP-MA)+WF (wood flour) showed better temperature stability. PP+GF also presented superior flexural modulus. The thermal dynamic mechanical behavior was evaluated by DMA, a decrease in storage modulus with increasing temperature was observed, the PP+GF and the composite containing maleic anhydride and sugarcane fiber showed higher modulus. The natural fiber biocomposites studied, consistently presented lower flexural modulus and tensile strength than the reference composite, with and without the use of coupling agent. As expected the use of natural fibers lowered the density compared to the reference material.
Treatments of Natural Fibre as Reinforcement in Polymer Composites-Short Review
Functional Composites and Structures
The demand for environmental awareness, preserving nature and being beneficial for societal economics has attracted the attention of many researchers and industries to examine the potential usage of natural fibers. There are a lot of beneficial natural fiber sources in a wide range of applications in the composites industry. It is worth mentioning that the performance of natural fiber-reinforced composites can be tailored through a certain natural fiber treatment, and hybridization by employing an appropriate number of synthetic fibers or with other natural fibers. In addition to cost-effectiveness balance, a balance between environmental impacts and desired performance can be achieved by designing the composite based on the product requirements. Yet, certain drawbacks such as incompatibility with the hydrophobic polymer matrix, hydrophilic nature and the tendency to absorb moisture during processing greatly reduce the potential of natural fibers to be used as reinforcements in polymer composites. In this short review, the main results presented in the literature are summarized, focusing on the properties and challenges of natural fibers, the processing behavior of natural fiber treatments, and paying attention to the use of physical and chemical treatments for the improvement of fiber-matrix interaction as reinforcement for polymeric matrices (thermoplastics, thermosets and biodegradables). Hemicellulose Cellulose Lignin Therrmal degradation Hemicellulose Non crystalline celulose Crystalline cellulose Lignin Biological degradation Figure 1. Factors contributing to the diverse properties of natural fiber. This leads to lightweight composites being made. The demand for the commercial use of natural fiber-based composites in various industries, such as automobiles, aerospace and civil, has been increasing, as many reports have been released [4, 5]. The current usage of the word 'biodegradable' for natural fiber composites does in fact mean the use of natural fuels in the polymer sector and, as a result of the reduced operation of plastic burning, reduces reliance on oil supplies and emissions of greenhouse gases [6-8]. The definition 'natural fiber' includes all fiber forms present in plants (cellulose fibers), animals (protein fibers) and minerals that exist in nature (asbestos, chitin and chitosan). Flexible materials with a broad aspect ratio and high tensile strength can also be known as natural fibers. While fibrous materials are abundant, including cotton, wood, grain and straw in particular being cellulosic, not all materials are available for use in textiles or other industrial fibers. Apart from the economic viewpoint, the qualities of weight, softness, elasticity, abrasion resistance and surface characteristics drive the adequacy of a fiber for business purposes [9, 10]. The physical and mechanical properties of certain natural fibers, such as fiber structures, cellulose composition, the intrinsic angle and degree of polymerization, are dictated by their chemical and physical composition [11-13]. Swelling of the fibers because of the moisture accumulation is the major disadvantage of natural fibers, creating poor linkage to the composite fiber matrix [14, 15]. Natural fibers are inherently less mechanical than synthetic fibers. A key drawback in the production of high-performance materials is their low mechanical properties. Several mechanical approaches were found, including changes in interfacial attachment, physical handling, chemical composition and natural fiber-synthetic fiber hybridization. Hybridizing natural fibers, in order to overcome the drawbacks of the other kind of fibers, leads to the synergistic effect of hybridized fibers. The use of all fibers to build a hybrid fiber-reinforced composite structure provides a feasible balance between higher material properties and the environmental advantages of natural fibers. The effective arrangement of structural numbers also enhances the material properties of the hybrids. The use of reinforcing hybrid fibers has been found to be a practical alternative to standard synthetic construction materials for structural applications [16, 17]. In this way, a proper composite material design will balance costs, efficiency and sustainability. Figure 1 shows the factors contributing to the performance of biocomposites originated from natural fibers.
Numerical and Experimental Analyses of Biocomposites Reinforced with Natural Fibres
International Journal of Materials Engineering, 2012
In the last decades the biocomposites have been widely used in the construction, automobile and aerospace industries. Not only the interface transition zone (ITZ) but also the heterogeneity of natural fibres affects the mechanical behaviour of these composites. This work focuses on the numerical and experimental analyses of a polymeric co mposite fabricated with epo xy resin and unidirectional sisal and banana fibres. A three -d imensional model was set to analyze the composites using the elastic properties of the individual phases. In addition, a two-dimensional model was set taking into account the effective composite properties obtained by micro mechanical models. A tensile testing was performed to validate the numerical analyses and evaluating the interface condition of the constitu tive phases.