March 2021 Update to the Multidimensional Poverty Measure (original) (raw)
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2013
We warmly acknowledge the contribution of many colleagues and co-workers who participated in the update of the MPI in 2013. In particular, we are grateful to our colleagues at the HDRO for their substantive engagement, especially Milorad Kovacevic and Khalid Malik. We are grateful as well to Bo Robert Pedesen and Attila Hacioglu at MICS, and to Sunita Kishor and Alfredo Aliago at DHS/ICFI for answering some survey-related queries. We are deeply appreciative of the competent support at some stages of new MPI calculations from Akmal Abdurazakov, Cecilia Calderon, Iván Gonzalez De Alba,
Moderate Multidimensional Poverty Index: Paving the Way out of Poverty
2020
This paper introduces a trial Moderate Multidimensional Poverty Index (MMPI) that provides a meaningful superset of existing global multidimensional poverty indices. Eradicating poverty in all its forms everywhere requires indicators that measure sustainable pathways out of poverty, not only the absence of extreme deprivation. The MMPI increases the deprivation cutoff of nine of the ten indicators of the global Multidimensional Poverty Index (gMPI) to reflect moderate rather than acute levels of multidimensional poverty, in line with the ambitions outlined in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The MMPI is constructed as a superset to the global MPI maintaining the three dimensions of health, education and living standards, but adjusting nine of the indicators to reflect a meaningful change in the level of ambition. The trial MMPI is dataconstrained, but provides a methodology and discusses potential indicators for an MMPI that would: i) be globally comparable across countries...
This paper sets out a systemic account of changes over time in multidimensional poverty using the Alkire-Foster Adjusted Headcount Ratio and its consistent sub-indices. The techniques were then applied to the analysis of changes in the global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) and related destitution measure. The analysis focused on 34 countries and 338 subnational regions, covering 2.5 billion people, for which there is a recent MPI estimation and comparable Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) dataset for analysis across time. First, it assesses overall changes in poverty and its incidence and intensity. Next, it examines changes in the MPI and its consistent sub-indices across urban-rural regions, subnational regions, and ethnic groups. Finally, the paper analyses the changes for a strict subset of the poor, who are identified as 'destitute' using a more extreme deprivation cutoff vector, and studies relative rates of reduction of destitution and poverty by country and r...
Acute Multidimensional Poverty: A New Index for Developing Countries
SSRN Electronic Journal, 2000
This paper presents a new Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) for 104 developing countries. It is the first time multidimensional poverty is estimated using micro datasets (household surveys) for such a large number of countries which cover about 78 percent of the world´s population. The MPI has the mathematical structure of one of the Alkire and Foster poverty multidimensional measures and it is composed of ten indicators corresponding to same three dimensions as the Human Development Index: Education, Health and Standard of Living. The MPI captures a set of direct deprivations that batter a person at the same time. This tool could be used to target the poorest, track the Millennium Development Goals, and design policies that directly address the interlocking deprivations poor people experience. This paper presents the methodology and components in the MPI, describes main results, and shares basic robustness tests.
2015
This chapter introduces empirical issues that are distinctive to counting-based multidimensional poverty methodologies. It is crucial that indicators accurately reflect deprivations at the individual level and that all indicators be transformed to reflect deprivations in the chosen unit of analysis. This chapter is divided into four sections. The first section very briefly the different types of data sources used for multidimensional measures: censuses, administrative records, and household surveys – as well as outstanding data needs. The second discusses distinctive issues to be considered when constructing the indicators to include in a multidimensional poverty measure. The third section Alkire, Foster, Seth, Santos, Roche and Ballon 7: Data and Analysis The Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI) is a research centre within the Oxford Department of International Development, Queen Elizabeth House, at the University of Oxford. Led by Sabina Alkire, OPHI aspires to b...
Multidimensional Poverty Measurement and Analysis: Chapter 7 – Data and Analysis
This chapter introduces empirical issues that are distinctive to counting-based multidimensional poverty methodologies. It is crucial that indicators accurately reflect deprivations at the individual level and that all indicators be transformed to reflect deprivations in the chosen unit of analysis. This chapter is divided into four sections. The first section very briefly the different types of data sources used for multidimensional measures: censuses, administrative records, and household surveys – as well as outstanding data needs. The second discusses distinctive issues to be considered when constructing the indicators to include in a multidimensional poverty measure. The third section presents some basic descriptive analytical tools that can prove helpful in exploring the relationships between different indicators, detecting redundancy, and informing measure design and analysis. Citation: Alkire, S., Foster, J. E., Seth, S., Santos, M. E., Roche, J. M., and Ballon, P. (2015). Multidimensional Poverty Measurement and Analysis, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ch. 7.
Poverty Index: Welfarist and Multidimensional Approaches
No Poverty. Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals., 2020
“We are committed to ending poverty in all its forms and dimensions,” states the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (United Nations 2015, #24). The two main targets related to poverty are “1.1. By 2030 eradicate extreme poverty for all people everywhere, currently measured as people living on less than 1.25aday”(orupdatedto1.25 a day” (or updated to 1.25aday”(orupdatedto1.90 a day) and “1.2. By 2030 reduce at least by half the proportion of men, women and children of all ages living in poverty in all its dimensions according to national definitions.” The 2030 Agenda and SDGs recognize that poverty may be measured in various ways. One way is to use a money-metric international poverty line. An alternative and complementary way is to use a multidimensional poverty index. This chapter explains both approaches in depth.
Multidimensional Poverty Measurement and Analysis: Chapter 9 – Distribution and Dynamics
For meaningful policy analysis, it is important not only to look at overall poverty, and compare countries or regions at a single point in time, but also to understand the distribution among the poor, the disparity across subgroups, and the dynamics of poverty. This extends the methodological toolkit presented in Chapter 5. First we present a new measure of inequality among the poor and its axiomatic justification. The same measure, a form of variance, can be extended to analyse horizontal inequalities, which are disparities across different population subgroups. The next two sections provide methodological extensions that are required for inter-temporal analysis of poverty using repeated cross-sectional data, and for the analysis of dynamic subgroups. The last section elaborates a measure chronic multidimensional poverty, which uses a counting approach both across dimensions and across periods, and provide its consistent partial indices, including a new statistic on the duration of poverty. Citation: Alkire, S., Foster, J. E., Seth, S., Santos, M. E., Roche, J. M., and Ballon, P. (2015). Multidimensional Poverty Measurement and Analysis, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ch. 9.
World Development, 2014
This paper presents the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI), a measure of acute poverty, understood as a person's inability to meet simultaneously minimum international standards in indicators related to the Millennium Development Goals and to core functionings. It constitutes the first implementation of the direct method to measure poverty for over 100 developing countries. After presenting the MPI, we analyse its scope and robustness, with a focus on the data challenges and methodological issues involved in constructing and estimating it. A range of robustness tests indicate that the MPI offers a reliable framework that can complement global income poverty estimates.