Response of Upland Rice to Differential Levels of Irrigation, Nutrients and Seed Priming (original) (raw)
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Field Crops Research, 2012
Because of increasing constraints of labor and water availability, dry-seeded rice (DSR) is now considered to be a new and emerging rice production system in the northwest Indo-Gangetic Plains of India. However, limited information is available on optimizing nutrient and water management in DSR to produce high yields. The effects of four amounts of N (0, 60, 120, and 180 kg ha −1) applied with or without P and K fertilizers under two irrigation regimes (10 and 20 kPa; irrigated when soil water potential at 15-cm soil depth reached 10 and 20 kPa, respectively) were studied on rice yield, and N-and water-use efficiencies. Grain yield with irrigation threshold increasing from 10 to 20 kPa did not decrease with the application of P and K fertilizers at 120 kg N ha −1 , leading to substantial savings in irrigation water. At the soil moisture potential of 20 kPa, application of P and K fertilizers along with 120 kg N ha −1 resulted in a 14% increase in rice vis-à-vis when P and K fertilizers were not applied. However, this effect was not observed at the soil moisture potential of 10 kPa. Applying P and K fertilizers along with N at 20 kPa compared with 10 kPa resulted in higher water-and N-use efficiencies. Water-use efficiency was significantly correlated with yield-contributing parameters when P and K were supplied along with N; whereas, without P and K application, water-use efficiency was not correlated with any yield-contributing parameters. It was concluded that, in DSR, the addition of P and K along with N could compensate for the yield loss under water-stress conditions. Our study suggests that there is a need to study the effects of applying different amounts of P and K along with N under a range of water regimes on dry matter partitioning and soil characteristics to understand the mechanism of yield loss in DSR.
Field Crops Research, 2006
For maximizing water retention and attaining high yields, transplanting into puddled soil (TPR) is often considered the optimal method of rice (Orzya sativa L.) establishment. Alternative management techniques like direct seeding (DSR) and deep tillage have been proposed as mechanisms to improve soil physical properties for subsequent dry-season crops, but the risks to rice are uncertain. In this full factorial study on a valley terrace in Nepal, the influence of tillage (shallow-T 1 , deep chisel-T 2 , deep chisel + moldboard plough-T 3) and establishment practice (TPR, DSR) on the field water balance and rice performance were evaluated in two adjacent landscape settings (terrace edge ''upland'', central terrace ''lowland''). Although deep tillage had only modest influences on seepage and percolation (SP) rates in both years (Y 1 , Y 2), landscape placement and establishment practice had significant implications for the water balance (e.g. Y 2 SP cm day À1 : TPR-lowland = 1.6, DSR-lowland = 2.3, TPRupland = 4.1, DSR-upland = 6.1). During low rainfall periods, however, soil water potential and drought vulnerability were governed solely by landscape placement. Despite water balance differences, there was little evidence that rice rooting behavior was substantially modified by landscape or establishment method. Weed biomass was higher in DSR, but was uncorrelated with water balance and productivity trends. In Y 1 , lower SP rates and more days with continuous flooding were positively associated with rice productivity. DSR yields were significantly lower than TPR in both landscape positions, with the lowland outperforming the upland (Y 1 mt ha À1 : TPR-lowland = 6.4, DSR-lowland = 5.2, TPR-upland = 5.7, DSR-upland = 4.7). To determine if N dynamics were contributing to productivity differences, fertilizer nitrogen was increased from 120 to 150 kg N ha À1 in Y 2. Results suggest that DSR performance is comparable-and landscape less important-if nitrogen is non-limiting (Y 2 mt ha À1 : TPR-lowland = 6.9, DSR-lowland = 6.5, TPR-upland = 7.0, DSR-upland = 6.5); no aspect of the field water balance was associated with yield variability in Y 2. For direct seeding in N-deficient farming systems, landscape criteria may prove useful for minimizing production risks by identifying field areas with lower SP rates.
Effect of moisture regimes and weed management on direct seeded rice
2017
A field experiment was conducted during rainy (kharif) season of 2016 at Crop Research centre Pusa, Bihar to investigate the "Effect of Moisture Regimes and Weed Management on weeds, yield and economics of Direct Seeded Rice". The treatments consisted of three moisture regimes in main plots and five weed management practices in sub plots. The results showed that weed density and weed dry weight was minimum and grain yield, gross return and net return were found to be maximum with I1 moisture regimes which were significantly superior to I2 and I3. B: C ratio was maximum with I1 moisture regime which was statistically at par with I2 and significantly superior to I3.With regard to weed management lowest weed density and weed dry weight was found with W4 treatment which was significantly superior to all the treatments. Maximum weed control efficiency and minimum weed index was observed with W3 among all the herbicidal treatments, though weed control efficiency was the highest with W4 treatment. Grain yield and gross return were recorded maximum with W4 treatment of weed management which was significantly superior to W2, W1 and W5 but was statistically at par with W3 treatment. Net return was recorded maximum with W3 treatment which was significantly superior to W4 and W5 but was statistically at par with W2 and W1. B: C ratio was recorded maximum with W2 treatment which was significantly superior to W4 and W5 but was statistically at par with W3 and W1 treatments.
In the uplands of Eastern Himalayan Region (EHR) of India, dry-seeded rain-fed rice occupies considerable area. However, productivity of rice in this region is very low and is mainly due to frequent occurrence of intermittent soil moisture stress, weed infestation, and poor crop establishment. Keeping this in view, a field experiment on rain-fed direct-seeded rice was conducted during two consecutive years 2011 and 2012 at the EHR of India (27° 95 0 N latitude and 94° 76 0 E longitude, 662 m above MSL) to evaluate the effect of seed priming (SP) with different durations (0, 12, 18, and 24 h) and in situ furrows at various row intervals as moisture conservation measures (MCM) on seed germination, plant stand, profile moisture recharge, rice productivity, water and energy use efficiency , and harvest monetary benefits. Results revealed that SP for 24 h duration significantly (p \ 0.05) improved the seed germination and crop stand, rice grain yield by 30–36 %, water use efficiency by 29–36 %, and energy productivity by 15–22 %. In situ furrows at regular and alternate row intervals also registered 1.89–3.2-fold increase in profile moisture recharge, 20–34 % higher rice productivity, 23–33 % improvement in water use efficiency , and 6–16 % increase in energy productivity over without MCM. Seed priming helped in improving seed germination, seedling establishment, and plant stand, while MCM was useful in mid-season rainfall capture and profile moisture recharge during intermittent moisture stress for better plant growth. However, adoption of in situ furrows (regular and alternate row intervals) as MCM increased the cost of cultivation by 13–27 % over normal practices but was compensated by the significant increase in grain yield, water use efficiency, benefit:cost ratios, and farmers' profit. Keywords Seed priming Á In situ moisture conservation Á Upland rice Á Water use efficiency Á Energy balance Á Benefit:cost ratio Á Eastern Himalayan Region
Seed treatment, soil compaction and nitrogen management affect upland rice
Pesquisa Agropecuária Tropical, 2016
Water availability for cultivation of irrigated rice (Oryza sativa L.) is decreasing worldwide. Therefore, new technologies are needed to grow rice under aerobic conditions, in order to produce rice grains without yield losses and with lower water consumption. This study aimed at determining the best combination of management options for producing upland rice. A randomized blocks design, in a factorial scheme, was used. The treatments consisted of a combination of five rice cultivars (BRS Caçula, BRS Serra Dourada, BRS Primavera, BRS Sertaneja and BRS Esmeralda) with two compaction pressures in the seed furrow (25 kPa or 126 kPa), two types of seed treatment (with or without pesticide) and two types of N management (all at sowing or all at topdressing). Applying N at sowing instead of at topdressing produced higher grain yield in the no-tillage system (NTS). Under this system, upland rice genotypes show higher grain yield with higher compaction pressure. Seed treatment with pesticid...
A field experiment was conducted during autumn seasons of 2012 and 2013 to evaluate compost-fertilizer mixture (comlizer) on growth and yield of rainfed direct seeded rice (DSR) in upland situation under reduced plant density and integrated weed management (IW). Rice crop was sown 20 cm apart in band (BS) with recommended fertilizers doses (RFD), and weeds were managed either through application of pretilachlor 750 g/ha a.i. followed by working with grubber at 20 and 40 days after sowing (IW-1), or kept without weed management (weedy). Rice crop was also grown with reduced plant density by drilling the seeds in lines 20 cm apart maintaining 15 cm between seeds (DS). The DS was evaluated either, with RFD and mechanical weed management (MW) by working with grubber at 20 and 40 days after sowing (DAS), or comlizer in single split (Comlizer-S) or double splits (Comlizer-D) with pretilachlor 750 g/ha a.i. followed by grubber at 30 DAS (IW-2). IW-1 and IW-2 significantly reduced weed density and dry weight compared to MW or weedy. Application of comlizer in two splits increased effective tillers per unit area, average number of filled grains per panicle, and grain yield of rice compared to recommended fertilizer dose. The positive effect of comlizer application on growth and yield parameters of rice was explained by improvement in root growth and available nutrient status in soil vis-à-vis nutrient uptake by the crop. The root growth in terms of dry weight and volume was enhanced due to split application of comlizer that utilized a consistent pool of available nutrients from soil. Key words: comlizer, rainfed rice, integrated weed management, reduced plant density
The Pharma Innovation Journal, 2021
Kharif seasons of 2017 and 2018 to evaluate the performance of crop establishment methods i.e. Puddled transplanted, Direct drill seeding on flat bed, Direct seeding on raised bed-FIRB (furrow irrigated raised bed) and Stress Tolerant Rice Varieties (STRVs) i.e. DRR42, DRR44, Sukha dhan 5, Sukha dhan 6, Sarjoo 52 under rainfed stress-prone upland rice environment of eastern India. Result revealed that crop establishment methods and STRVs have significant effect on growth, yield attributes and yield. Direct seeding on raised bed registered significantly higher growth attributes and yield over the conventional method of crop establishment, however its performance was at par with direct drill seeding on flat. Among the tested STRVs, DRR 44 and DRR 42 produced significantly higher growth characters, yield attributes and yield over other varieties. From this experimentation, it can be concluded that establishment of rice by direct seeding on raised bed/direct drill seeding on flat with stress tolerant rice varieties DRR 44/DRR42 should be practiced for better growth, stress tolerance and higher yield under rainfed stress-prone upland rice environment of Eastern India.
International Journal of Plant Science and Horticulture, 2019
Drought is a major challenge for all agricultural crops, but for rice, it is even more serious, because of its semi aquatic phylogenetic origins and the diversity of rice ecosystems and growing conditions. The most important source of climate-related risks for rice production in rain-fed areas is drought.Crop physiology has made a significant contribution to understanding the mechanisms underlying crop growth and development, and bridging the "phenotype gap" generated by the recent progress in genomics. The study aimed to determine growth and physiological response of IRAT 109 and Lemont to water deficit and fertilizer application. Plants were subjected to water nutrient stress treatment in the field. Water and fertilizer treatment were initiated at 42 days after sowing (das). Fertilizer treatment was applied at 60 Kgha-1 N and 60 Kgha-1 N+45 Kgha-1 P. Morphological and physiological measurements were done at 21, 42, 63 and 84 th das. Root sampling done during the periods, at depths of 0-10 cm, 10-20 cm, and 20-40 Cm. The soil moisture content had a significant effect and decreased with increasing water deficit. The plant height, plant biomass both shoots and root reduced with decreasing water content and nutrient load in the soil. Lemont was significantly affected and registered lower values for various growth indices compared to IRAT 109. The was significant reduction in yields between the two rice cultivars under drought stress condition, though IRAT 109 exhibited relatively higher yield index under drought stress condition, the improved performance could be attributed to its ability to escape drought stress due to its early maturing ability. Fertilizer application has a significant effect on yield and yield component in rice, thus the proper fertilizer application is a key in achieving good yield in rice production. The finding of this research will help farmers in adopting high precision fertilizer application to ensure a good yield. In addition, rice breeders can utilize IRAT109 in developing more resilient and highly adaptive rice cultivars.