Effect of Boldenone Undecylenate on Haematological and Biochemical Parameters in Veal Calves (original) (raw)
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Neoformation of boldenone and related steroids in faeces of veal calves
Food Additives and Contaminants, 2006
Conflicting findings regarding the boldenone content of bovine faeces suggests it may be synthesised de novo in emitted faeces. We tested this hypothesis by analysing uncontaminated urine, fresh and various forms of dried faeces from 10 calves (not given boldenone) by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry for 17α-and 17β-boldenone (α and β BOL); 1,4-androstadiene-3,17-dione (ADD); 4-androstene-3,17-dione (AED), testosterone (T) and epitestosterone (ET). Urine contained no α BOL, β BOL or ADD. The analysed substances were variably present in the rectal faeces, and at generally higher levels in faeces scraped from skin or stall floor. In pooled rectal faeces naturally dried for 13 days, α BOL, ADD, AED and ET levels were extremely high (much higher than accounted for by increases due to drying), and β BOL and T were absent. It is concluded that de novo synthesis of α BOL and metabolites occurs naturally in bovine faeces and only uncontaminated urine should be analysed for illegal boldenone.
Analytica Chimica Acta, 2005
A 6-month calf was treated with 1 mg kg −1 wet weight of 17--boldenone undecanoate and urine and faeces were collected for a period of 30 days after the treatment to follow the depletion of the different substances related to boldenone. Hair was collected for just a few days. Multiresidue extraction and purification methods were developed for the different matrices. Separation was carried on a RP-C18 LC column and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) detection was performed using an ion trap mass spectrometer equipped with electrospray source for urine and with atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation for faeces. The concentration found for the different analytes was discussed compared to a control animal.
Journal of Veterinary Medical Science, 2007
Boldenone and its precursor Boldione are illegally used for anabolic purposes in humans, horses and cattle. To develop more effective policies and programs to maximize food security, Italian Public Health Services investigate all indicators capable of assisting the recognition of treated animals, and prioritize research and the formulation of action strategies for the promotion of healthy eating. Thus, an experimental administration of boldenone and boldione at anabolic dosages in veal calves was carried out to evaluate the changes in target organs by qualitative and semi-quantitative morphological analysis. The lesions resembled the effects already observed after the administration of androgen hormones to cattle. Main findings were represented by prostate hypersecretion, increased rate of apoptotic cells and decreased rate of Ki67 positive cells in the germ cell line of treated animals, particularly in boldione group and finally some new features like hypertrophy of the prostate urothelial cells.
Steroids, 2006
Boldenone is an androgenic steroid that improves the growth and food conversion in food producing animals. In most countries worldwide, this anabolic steroid is forbidden for meat production. Until recently, the control of its illegal use was based either on 17-boldenone or 17␣-boldenone (its main metabolite in cattle) identification in edible tissues, hair, faeces or urine. Recent observations and data tend to demonstrate the natural occurrence (but not ubiquitous) in cattle of these steroids, making the analytical strategy of the control more complicated. We investigated the metabolism of boldenone in cattle after intramuscular and oral treatment of boldenone, boldenone esters and boldione. The central objective was to elucidate the structures of the main metabolites (phase I and phase II) in urine, with main objective to be further in position to compare boldenone urinary profiles of treated and non-treated animals. Nine metabolites have been identified, only four were present whatever the treatment and the administered boldenone source. Nevertheless, all of them have been detected at least once in non-treated animals which did not permit us to use them as biomarkers of an illegal treatment. At last, but not at least, all metabolites were found mainly glucuro-conjugated, and rarely sulfo-conjugated, with the only exception of 17boldenone. Current investigations are showing the absence of 17-boldenone sulfoconjugate in non-treated animals; that would permit to distinguish non-treated from treated animals with boldione, boldenone and boldenone esters.
Presence and metabolism of the anabolic steroid boldenone in various animal species: a review
Food Additives and Contaminants, 2004
The review summarizes current knowledge on the possible illegal use of the anabolic steroid boldenone. The presence of boldenone and metabolites in different animal species and the possibility of the occurrence of endogenous boldenone and metabolites is assessed, as are the methods of analysis used for detection. Different laboratories in the European Union have examined the occurrence of boldenone and its metabolites. The results were discussed at different meetings of a European Commission DG-SANCO Working Party and summarized in an expert report. The situation of the different laboratories at this time is also covered herein. The overall conclusion of the Working Party was that there was a necessity for further research to distinguish between naturally occurring and illegally used boldenone forms. The confirmation of the presence of boldenone metabolites (free and conjugated forms) in certain matrices of animals is proposed as a marker for the illegal treatment with boldenone.
Steroids, 2008
Boldenone is banned in the European Union (Directive 96/22/EC) as growth promoter for meat producing animals. Boldione (ADD), boldenone and boldenone esters (mainly the undecylenate form) are commercially available as anabolic preparations, either to the destination of human, horse or cattle. Since the late 90s, the natural occurrence of boldenone metabolites has been reported in cattle. According to EU regulation, the unambiguous demonstration of boldenone administration in bovine urine should be provided on the basis of boldenone identification in the corresponding conjugate fraction. An analytical method has been developed and validated according to current standards with main concern to the measurement of intact 17-boldenone-sulphate. The analytical procedure included direct extraction-purification of target analyte on octadecylsilyl cartridges and direct detection of phase II metabolite by liquid chromatography (negative electrospray), tandem mass spectrometry (QqQ) or high resolution mass spectrometry (Orbitrap TM ). Decision limit (CC␣) and detection capability (CC) were respectively 0.2 g L −1 and 0.4 g L −1 on triple quadrupole and 0.1 g L −1 and 0.2 g L −1 on hybrid system. The method was successfully applied to the analysis of incurred samples collected in different experiments. 17-Boldenone-sulphate was measurable up to 36 h after oral administration of boldione, and 30 days after 17-boldenone undecylenate intra-muscular injection. This conjugate form was never detected in non-treated animals, confirming its status of definitive candidate marker for boldenone administration in calf.
International Journal of Experimental Pathology, 2012
Anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) are synthetic derivatives of the male testosterone hormone that have been modified to improve their anabolic rather than androgenic activity (Shahidi 2001). The anabolic effects of AAS promote protein synthesis, muscle growth and erythropoiesis (Mottram & George 2000). Hence, AAS are used to enhance strength and durability of canine, equine and human athletes (Teale & Houghton 1991; Schä nzer & Donike 1992; Schä nzer 1996). Boldenone (BOL) is an anabolic steroid that differs from testosterone only by one double bond at the 1-position (Stolker et al. 2007) (Figure 1). It is used mainly as undecylenate ester by bodybuilders and is administered illegally to racing horses. However, it is used as a growth promotor on farms improving the growth and feed conversion of cattle; it may be abused to achieve more efficient meat production (Gryglik et al. 2010). In developing countries with rapid growth of population, like Egypt, the demand for edible protein exceeds the supply and the gap is expanded. Meat from animals, including from rabbits, provides a valuable and palatable source of protein. We found BOL to be used heavily in Egypt, not only in the field of animal production, but also by athletes and bodybuilders. BOL increases muscle size owing to promotion of positive nitrogen balance by stimulating protein production and reducing protein destruction, as well as causing retention of body water, nitrogen, sodium, potassium and calcium ions (Forbes 1985; Mooradian et al. 1987). Like other androgenic steroids, BOL is classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) in class 2A (growth promotors-steroids), as a probable human carcinogen (e.g. prostate and liver tumours), with a carcinogenicity index higher than that of other androgens, such as nandrolone, stanozolol and testosterone and is thus a banned substance (IARC Monograph 1987; De Brabander et al. 2004). Despite these restrictions, AAS are easily obtained. The abuse of AAS can lead to serious and irreversible organ damage (Maravelias et al. 2005). Among the most common adverse effects of AAS that have been described are INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY
Analytica Chimica Acta, 2007
17-Boldenone (17-BOLD) and Boldione (ADD) are steroid compounds with androgenic activity, likely to be used as growth promoters in cattle. Different studies still on-going aiming to distinguish between "natural" occurrence or illegal BOLD source had already indicated that their metabolism in cattle is of relevant significance. To identify metabolites as in vivo markers to support the thesis of exogenous administration, a further approach to the in vitro biotransformation of 17-BOLD and ADD was performed using different subcellular fractions obtained from both liver and kidney of untreated cattle. Polar and non-polar metabolites obtained from incubated parent compounds were formerly separated by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) elution and successively identified by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) detection.
Reduced growth of calves and its reversal by use of anabolic agents
Domestic Animal Endocrinology, 2000
Disease has profound effects on the immune system, endocrine system, and on the growth process. Since diseases are catabolic to the animal, there is current interest in the possible role of anabolic hormones to counter the effects of disease in general and minimize the effects of a disease process on growth and development. A number of anabolic hormones, such as growth hormone (GH) and estradiol ϩ progesterone (EP), have been studied for their role in enhancing growth and stimulating immune function and are thus candidates for hormonal intervention in disease processes. GH has been shown to be effective in countering some of the deleterious effects of endotoxemia but was ineffective in a parasitic disease model. Studies with EP have shown similar success with both endotoxemia and a parasitic disease model. Moreover, GH and EP do not share a common mechanism of action, suggesting that the effects are not simply due to anabolic actions. While the mechanism of action of GH in endotoxemia has been examined, the effects of EP are via an unknown mechanism, possibly by inhibition of IL-I action or inhibition of nitric oxide overproduction.