Chemical Ecology of Astigmatid Mites LIX Neral, the Alarm Pheromone of Schwiebea elongata (Banks) (Acari: Acaridae) (original) (raw)
Acarinaria in associations of apid bees (Hymenoptera) and chaetodactylid mites (Acari)
Invertebrate Systematics, 2007
Acarinaria are specialised structures on the bodies of insects that harbour dispersing mites, providing a secure attachment place for the mites. The structures are best known among bees and wasps. Their presence remains enigmatic, however, since the associated mites often have negative or neutral effects on their hosts. A new hypothesis explaining the origin of the acarinarium as a specialised defence mechanism is proposed. In nests with partitions (as constructed by many bees and wasps), parasitic or cleptoparasitic mites are rarely found in all cells. They negatively interact only with host larvae developing in infested cells and apparently cannot disperse within the nest to attack others in the developing brood before bee emergence. Only when emerging bees break the partitions can the mites reach other hosts. We propose that acarinaria serve to concentrate unwanted mites, reducing the chance that they will disperse to other members ofthe brood as the infested host leaves the nest. Development of special mite pouches (acarinaria) by hymenopteran hosts presumably increases the likelihood that all mites will stay with the individual(s) with reduced fitness, thereby reducing their effect on other bees in the brood. This paper reviews the associations between chaetodactylid mites and long-tongued bees (Apidae and Megachilidae). Only apid bees (Apidae) have acarinaria; megachilid bees, which barbour species of Chaetodactylus that usually kill the bee larvae, do not possess acarinaria. The following associations involving previously undescribed acarinaria or mite species are reported: Achaetodactylus ceratinae (axillar acarinarium on Ceratina nigriceps); Roubilda latebrosa, sp. nov. (metasomal acarinarium on Tetrapedia sp.), Sennertia argentina (genital acarinarium on Xylocopa fimbriata), Sennertia devincta, sp. nov., Sennertia sayutara, sp. nov. (metasomal acarinaria on Ceratina (Zadontomerus) spp.), Sennertia lauta , sp. nov. and Sennertia ratiocinator, sp. nov. (incipient scutellar-metanotal acarinarium on Xylocopa (Zonohirsuta) spp.). In the latter case, the mites display a remarkable difference in the attachment sites between male and female hosts. In females, the mites are phoretic in a groove between the scutellum and metanotum (scutellar-metanotal acarinarium), whereas on males, mites attach to the hairs of the anterior scutum.
Mites(Acari)important indifferentagroecosystemsandtheircontrolinRomania
2011
Mite problems in different agroecosystems in Romania are presented. Of all phytophagous mites known in the country, four species are found on a wide range of crops, with the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, and the broad mite, Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks), being the most important. The broad mite is difficult to control, but acaricides registered in Romania have provided effective control of this species. Reduction of highly toxic pesticide residues in the environment has been considered important in the country. That could be approached by first reducing the amount of pesticides applied on agricultural land, and second, by finding new pesticides with less toxic active ingredients. This has resulted in reduced numbers of the main groups of pesticides, commercial products and number of active substances.
Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry, 2003
A simple synthesis of b-acaridial [(E)-1], the active principle of the sex, alarm and aggregation pheromone among astigmatid mites, was achieved in 5 steps from 1,2,4-butanetriol 2 in a 19% overall yield. Its analog, bacariolal 8, was also prepared in a 63% yield by oxidation of the intermediate, b-acaridiol [(E)-7], with pyridinium dichromate (PDC). This synthetic route also gave b-(Z)-acaridiol [(Z)-7] by using a Z-selective base in the Wittig reaction. (Z)-7 was oxidized to give a new monoterpene, b-(Z)-acaridial [(Z)-1], which was detected as a trace component in the secretion of Caloglyphus polyphyllae, together with 8.
A method for both mass and individual rearing of fungivorous astigmatid mites (Acari)
Experimental & applied acarology, 2001
Several species of common fungi were assessed as food for fungivorous astigmatid mites. Hypocrea nigricans, Botrytis cinerea and Flammulina velutipes were generally good food sources for most mites examined. Fungal mycelia growing on PDA (potato dextrose agar) medium were not only nutritionally adequate but the system also maintained high humidity through the water-based agar medium. Among acarid mites, most species of Rhizoglyphinae could be reared easily with the method. Although filter-feeding histiostomatid mites do not feed directly on hyphae, some species were successfully maintained with the same method through multiple generations. Presumably, these mites obtained sufficient nutrition from the agar medium and fungal metabolites leaching into it. Most species ultimately produced dispersing heteromorphic deutonymphs on these media. Individual mites were also maintained in isolation within glass rings on fungal colonies. Using this technique, we were able to compare development...
Experimental and Applied Acarology, 2007
Stored product mites can often infest stored products, but currently there is little information regarding the efficacy of pesticides that can be used for control. In this study we evaluated several common pesticides formulated from single active ingredients (a.i.) or commercially available mixtures (chlorpyrifos, deltamethrin, beta-cyfluthrin, and a combination of deltamethrin and S-bioallethrin), plus an acaricide composed of permethrin, pyriproxyfen and benzyl benzolate, for efficacy against Acarus siro, Tyrophagus putrescentiae, and Aleuroglyphus ovatus. The pesticides were incorporated into the mite diets in a dose range of 10–1000 μg a.i. g−1 diet. Concentrations for suppression of 50 and 90% population growth and eradication (rC0) of mites were fit to linear regression models. None of the tested pesticides gave complete eradication of A. siro, which was the most tolerant of the three mite species tested. The most effective pesticide Allergoff 175 CS was a combination product (a nano-capsule suspension of permethrin, pyriproxyfen and benzyl benzolate) labeled for dust mites, with rC0 range of 463–2453 μg a.i. (permethrin) g−1 diet depending on the species. Least effective were chlorpyrifos and deltamethrin.
Pedobiologia, 2004
The relationship between palatability and suitability of fungi for sustaining mite population growth was tested in the laboratory. The effect of mite fungal preference on spore dispersion was also studied. Eight species of microscopic fungi, Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus versicolor, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Eurotium amstelodami var. amstelodami, E. amstelodami var. montevidensis, Mycocladus corymbifer, and Penicillium aurantiogriseum differed in their attractiveness as food and in their suitability to sustain population growth of three astigmatid mites, Acarus siro, Lepidoglyphus destructor and Tyrophagus putrescentiae. The preference for a particular species of fungus and its suitability for sustaining population growth were not correlated. Observed differences among mite species in their population growth were more likely associated with their ability to digest fungi. Fungi were divided into four groups based on their palatability and suitability to sustain population growth: (i) preferred food and suitable for mite growth (e.g. A. alternata, C. cladosporioides); (ii) preferred, but unsuitable (e.g. E. amstelodami var. amstelodami); (iii) avoided, but suitable (e.g. A. versicolor, M. corymbifer and E. amstelodami var. montevidensis); and (iv) avoided and unsuitable (e.g. A. niger). With respect to fungal spore dispersion, mites had the least effect on ''avoided and unsuitable'' fungal species while preferred fungi were most influenced by mite grazing.
2021
Use of acaricides has become a common practice to control pests all over the world including Saudi Arabia. In spite of killing the targeted pests, such insecticides also effect growth of predatory mites. Present study has been conducted to evaluate the impact of two acaricides, abamectin and hexythiazox, on seven species of predatory mites. Standard solutions of abamectin (8.4% w/v) and hexythiazox (10% w/w) were purchased and prepared for direct spray. Acaricides were tested at three serial concentrations of recommended dose (RD), half of the recommended dose (HRD) and double the recommended dose (DRD). Trials were made on eggs, nymphs and adults of the seven species of predatory mites under laboratory conditions. Effect of the applied acaricides was determined one week after the application. The results of the study revealed that all doses of hexythiazox and abamectin are toxic to the nymphs and adults of all seven species of predatory mites but to the variable extent. Furthermore, it was observed that hexythiazox and abamectin reduced the percentage of egg hatching for all seven species of predatory mites. Hexythiazox was found to be more toxic than abamectin to all seven predatory mites. Higher mortality was recorded at DRD and RD, while minimum mortality was recorded at HRD. Acaricidal effect is less severe on hatching eggs than on immatures and adults of the predatory mites. Species vary in susceptibility to acaricides and in some populations resistance has been observed. Based upon this study, it is recommended that the frequent use of acaricides against phytophagous mites should be avoided and feasibility of biological control programs should be promoted to protect the environment, health of living individuals and the non-target organisms.
Life history and life tables of Rhizoglyphus robini Claparede (Acari: Astigmata: Acaridae)
Acarologia, 1983
Rhizoglyphus robini Claparède (Acari : Astigmata : Acaridae) was reared in the laboratory on three diets under four temperature regimens in individual plexiglass cages. Immature survival was uniformly high on garlic and peanuts at 22°C and 27°C, but rather low for mites on garlic at 35°C or on filter paper at 27°C. The calculated threshold of development was at 11.8°C, and the thermal constant was 184.8 day-degrees. The sex ration was 1 : 1. Adults kept at 27°C and offered peanuts or garlic deposited an average of 690 eggs/females and 400 eggs/females, respectively, during about six weeks. No eggs were usually proèiuced by females reared at 35°C or on filter paper. Males lived almost twice as long as females. Life tables were constructed from these data. The intrinsic rates of increase (rm) for mites offered peanuts or garlic at 27°C were 0.285 and 0.218, respectively. The compounded effect of various nutrition-affected factors, such as survival, body size and fecundity on changes in mite populations is discussed, as weil as the importance of defining diets for polyphagous mites in similar studies.
Susceptibility to Hexythiazox of Eggs and Larvae of European Red Mite (Acari: Tetranychidae)
Journal of Economic Entomology, 1988
Laboratory bioassay techniques were developed for testing the susceptibility to hexythiazox of European red mite (ERM), Panonychus ulmi (Koch). These techniques were used to establish baseline susceptibility to hexythiazox of eggs and larvae of a New York population of ERM. Winter and summer eggs were tested by both contact ovicidal and residual larvicidal exposure. Summer eggs were nine times more susceptible to hexythiazox than winter eggs (Le5o values 2.2 and 20.0 ppm, respectively). Susceptibility of winter and summer eggs decreased when eggs were treated within 2 d of hatch. When exposed to hexythiazox residues, mites usually died in the nymphochrysalid stage or lived to adulthood; few died in the protonymphal or deutonymphal stages. Mortality (95% eL) of larvae emerging from winter eggs was 94-100% after exposure to leaves treated with 100 ppm hexythiazox. Larvae that emerged from summer eggs were not able to survive foliar residues when eggs and leaves had been dipped in ~6 ppm hexythiazox.