Public Financing of Secondary Education in West Bengal (original) (raw)
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An Analysis of Public Finance on Education Sector in India
VISION: Journal of Indian Taxation Volume 5, Issue 2, July-December 2018, pp. 72-83, 2018
ABSTRACT Indian education system is in the mode of massification. Paucity of Finance and quality crunching education sector is a policy discourse today. Joint responsibility of central and state governments for educational development came into existence with the recommendation of Kothari Commission (1976). But, even after many decades, we have not achieved the targeted level of education. This study focuses to examine the trend and pattern of expenditure of central, state and union territories governments on education sector of India. In addition to that paper tries to study the budgetary provision for the education sector by the central government under different five year plans in India. This study is based on secondary data collected mainly from Ministry of Human Resource Development, GoI. The assessment years for the study are from 2000-01 to 2018-19. The study found that due to the policy impact of decentralisation the role and responsibility for financing education in the hand of centre declined and state increased after 2001. The study also reveals that government funding on primary education has become top priority over the years in relation to secondary, higher and technical education. The combined public expenditure incurred by both central and state governments on education hovering around three to four percent of GDP since 2001. There is a need to increase spending on India’s education sector beyond six percent of Gross Domestic Product and per capita expenditure on education should also grow. Keywords: Public expenditure; Education; GDP; Budgetary outlay; Five Year Plans.
TRENDS IN FINANCING OF SCHOOL EDUCATION IN PUNJAB: PRE AND POST REFORM PERIOD
Review Of Research Journal, 2015
Abstract:-Education is the significant instrument of empowerment of individual, society and nation. Realizing this growth enhancing values of school education, governments led to universalize the school education which led to the involvement of public resources in the school education sector. This public funding policy includes direct public provision, subsidies to private suppliers or some mixture of both the methods in the form of New PPP Pattern. The developing world in general and Asian countries in specific education sector has been facing a resource crunch and has been victim of low level of priority in pre reform region. The problem got further aggravated with the adoption of the new economic policy league which paved the way for commercialization of education, and it has turned education from being social service to a marketable commodity. The post reform era has been evident of declining trends in public expenditure in education and especially school education. India, being a developing country, is not an exception to this scenario. The present scenario is one in which the demand of finance for education is growing at geometric ratio, but the government is facing severe budgetary crunch. Education is a concurrent subject and state funding accompanying with nationally sponsored schemes is a significant contributor to educational expenditure. Within the school education sector, the there are two major subsector: Primary and Secondary School education. The expenditure on education is classified under two heads: revenue expenditure (operational expenditure), and capital expenditure. Revenue expenditure comprises 95 per cent of total educational expenditure in Punjab. Punjab is one of the most developed states of the country, but it is not in the position to establish a lead in the country in terms of educational attainments. The analysis of the data of the public spending on education in the state is not in tune with its educational requirements, particularly in the context of weak educational outcomes and emerging challenges of human capital formation. It has been witnessed that Govt. of Punjab devote a relatively low share of the educational budget to elementary education, despite, it cover eight years of instruction and having good merit compared to the other levels of education. The effect of this squeeze of resources could be evident in the declining trends in allocations to elementary and secondary education after 1991. This situation shows that out of this inadequate budget, more than half goes to secondary education and the rest is share by other sectors of education with elementary education. The limited increase in education budget in real terms has in affects converted and reduced the education budget in to a salary budget. This pattern of financing of school education in the state has led to several social and economic consequences. Keywords: Financing, Budget, Revenue expenditure, Resources, Pattern, PPP.
The socio economic landscape of the country is rapidly changing. The Ministry of Human Resource Development is conscious about changing scenario and has been taking the steps to mitigate the adverse impact of growing 'exclusive-ism ' within the society, which would not be in the best interest of the future generation. This study has explored government financing of education in India and across the states of the country. Economic reform has certainly affected public expenditure on social sector in general and that on education sector in particular. The study concluded that state real per capita income, is found to significantly enhance educational expenditure at the aggregate level. Moreover, contrary to general perceptions, education expenditure at all levels has been significantly lower after liberalization in comparison with the pre-economic reform era. The paper examines the level, trends, growth and intra-sectoral allocation of Public expenditure on education. Finding indicates that quantum of expenditure on education has increased significantly since 2001, But still the actual amount of money spend on education sector is less than the required amount. The paper explores the trends of public expenditure on primary, secondary, higher education and technical education. Analysis shows that percentage share of State government has decline and the share of central government has increased.
Public Expenditure on Education in India: Recent Trends and Outcomes
It is widely accepted that there is an acute shortage of resources in the education sector in India. Economic reforms and associated requirements of fiscal discipline have aggravated the situation. By contrast, however, official sources claim that significant progress has been made in financing education. This paper examines whether, and in what ways, this is so. It analyses major trends in public financing of education in India, including expenditures by the central government, state governments, other local bodies and the NGO sector. Foreign aid, which is transferred primarily through central government budgets, is also included.
RECOUP Working Paper 18. Public Expenditure on Education in India: Recent Trends and Outcomes
2008
It is widely accepted that there is an acute shortage of resources in the education sector in India. Economic reforms and associated requirements of fiscal discipline have aggravated the situation. By contrast, however, official sources claim that significant progress has been made in financing education. This paper examines whether, and in what ways, this is so. It analyses major trends in public financing of education in India, including expenditures by the central government, state governments, other local bodies and the NGO sector. Foreign aid, which is transferred primarily through central government budgets, is also included. The paper examines the level and composition of public expenditure on education and the mechanisms of resource sharing, allocation and utilization, in aggregate as well as separately for the centre and the states. It finds that while expenditure in real terms increased during the 1990s it has stagnated since then. As a proportion of GDP the share of public expenditure on education has been less than 4 per cent. But there have been major changes in the composition and modalities of expenditure. Initially, education was the responsibility of individual states, but in 1976 it became the joint responsibility of both central and state governments. The analysis finds that the centre has been playing an increasingly important role in state education finance. Centrally sponsored schemes, which are partly funded by external aid, have been a critical part of centre-to-state transfers. Expenditure trends in seven states are studied to explore the possible impact of expenditure on education outcomes. It indicates that for the less developed states recent changes in education expenditure have improved access, but retention and learning achievements remain very low.
An Analysis of Public Expenditure on Education in India
In the present paper, an attempt has been made to examine the level, trends, growth and intra-Sectoral allocation of Public expenditure on education. Taking period from 2001-02 to 2014-15, we have analysed the expenditure on education at various levels, in aggregate as well as separately for the centre and the state's government. The paper explores the trends on planned and non-planned expenditure on education. The analysis shows that percentage share of State government expenditure on education has declined and the share of the central government has increased. The share of public expenditure on education has been less than 5 percent as a proportion of GDP. Finally, we have suggested that the government (centre and state) should focus on education from the quality point of view along with budget allocations in order to enhance human resource development in the country.
Financing for Secondary School Education: Evidence from Bhaktapur District of Nepal
EPRA International Journal of Environmental Economics, Commerce and Educational Management, 2021
It is a common problem almost throughout the world that secondary education institutions are financially bottlenecked, thus, being compelled financially to manage themselves from their own sources and resources. This study aims to assess the overall status of secondary schooling in terms of financing and cost by exploring the (re) sources and trends of financing to secondary education in Bhaktapur district of Nepal. Lined with the objective, a questionnaire was administered to collect the primary data. Both public or government-aided and private secondary schools making a total of 12.6 percent of the population were selected on the simple random basis for the survey. The comparison established that although the public schools were government-aided, the per-unit cost rate was much higher for them than for the private ones mainly because of the decreasing student enrolment rates at the former case but increasing student enrolment rates at the latter. It was also found that the total e...
Financing of Education: Intra Sectoral allocations and Importance of Elementary Education
United Nations Development programme (UND) listed Education as the most important of the three constituents in Human Developmental Index (HDI). Education as a primary source of Human development, the state and central governments have to prioritise it more than other things in budgetary allocations and funding plans. Before UND’s developmental index, Indian constitution came in to effective on 26th January 1956 emphasised that the education is the responsibility of the all Indians. It clearly states “For anyone interested in education and in the educating of the future citizens the importance of having a firm grasp over all the constitutional provisions which are made for solving educational and social problems in the country is extremely vital’’. (Khan, 2015) The 42nd constitutional amendment in 1976 brought a drastic change in education by putting it in to concurrent list where the state and central government have both responsible for it. The constitution also gives primary importance to elementary education 86th amendment by enlisting the education as a fundamental right by ensuring free and compulsory education to all the children of age 6-14 years. This paper tries to analyse the importance of elementary education given in budgetary allocations in India by looking the educational planning as an essential element of economic and social planning.