Hypoluteoidism in a bitch (original) (raw)
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Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 2009
In the bitch, the corpus luteum is the only source of circulating progesterone throughout pregnancy. Inadequate luteal function may be a cause of abortion or foetal resorption observed after early pregnancy diagnosis. In our study of factors involved in canine luteal inadequacy, 35 pregnant bitches from different breeds were allocated to groups of healthy control (n = 15) vs hypoluteoid (n = 20) pregnant bitches, based on presence or absence of clinical signs of impending abortion and on progesterone concentrations below 10 ng/ml at the 4th–5th week of pregnancy. Hypoluteoid bitches were treated daily with 10-mg natural progesterone in injectable form (Luteosan® inj.; Alvetra and Werfft AG, Vienna, Austria) until day 60. Serum progesterone, 17β-oestradiol, FSH and LH concentrations were measured in samples obtained weekly using ELISA previously validated for dog serum. The exogenous progesterone supplementation was presumed to be sufficient to prevent foetal loss in 15 of the 20 treated bitches. The mean serum progesterone concentration in control pregnant bitches did not decrease below 10 ng/ml until the 8th week of pregnancy. Progesterone concentrations in progesterone-treated hypoluteoid bitches at week 4 were lower than in controls (p < 0.05), but although numerically higher did not differ significantly from those of controls during the period of treatment. Serum 17β-oestradiol concentrations of healthy bitches were variable, were at most time higher than those of treated animals and slowly decreased until parturition; those of treated bitches remained unchanged during the study. Serum FSH and LH concentrations did not differ between groups. Additional studies involving untreated pregnancies showing equivalent evidence of hypoluteoidism as well as assay of circulating relaxin and prolactin in treated and untreated bitches are needed to better determine the causes and effects of hypoluteoidism in pregnant bitches.
Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 2012
Contents Progesterone profiles of individual bitches may vary considerably both between and within individuals during pregnancy and non-pregnancy. Suspected luteal deficiency is commonly purported but is difficult to evaluate in clinical cases when progesterone is supplemented because this masks the underlying hormone changes. Therefore, in this study, suspected cases of luteal deficiency (six pregnancies from five bitches) were supplemented with oral medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA), allowing measurement of endogenous progesterone using conventional assay. MPA (0.1 mg/kg) treatment commenced between days 30 and 36 after estimated ovulation and was continued for 18-28 days. Endogenous progesterone was measured throughout treatment, and blood was additionally analysed for prolactin (PRL) and relaxin (RLN) as well as MPA. The latter revealed delayed MPA clearance in two bitches, in which Caesarean operation had to be performed because of a low foetal heart rate. In two cases with confirmed basal concentrations of both P 4 and MPA at term, spontaneous parturition occurred. Low endogenous progesterone during pregnancy was not apparent in three bitches that had previously had a short inter-oestrous interval of which two had previously had confirmed short luteal phase. However, in the remaining two cases, there had been previous pregnancy failure, but in only one of these, a premature decrease in endogenous progesterone to <2 ng/ml was detected. The latter had also low concentrations of PRL and RLN. The results of this preliminary clinical study suggest that abnormal progesterone profiles in pregnancy may be uncommon in bitches even when there has been previously documented short interoestrous interval. However, luteal deficiency may be suspected in bitches with a history of repeated pregnancy failure or abortion. MPA supplementation appears to be efficacious for management of suspected luteal deficiency and verification of the ovarian dysfunction, but care should be taken regarding the timing of MPA withdrawal and prolongation of pregnancy because of delayed elimination of MPA from blood circulation.
Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica, 2017
Background: Hypoluteoidism in the bitch is characterized by insufficient production and secretion of progesterone by the corpora lutea. It is a rare pathologic condition and during pregnancy, it leads to embryonic resorption or fetal abortion. Supplementary therapy with progestins is indicated during pregnancy to obtain delivery of vital puppies but unwarranted side effects of such treatment are poorly documented. Case presentation: A 4-year-old, nulliparous, female Istrian Shorthaired Hound dog had been mated repeatedly in six heats with different dogs of proven fertility but signs of pregnancy did not develop. Estrous cycles, mating and pregnancies were monitored as hypoluteoidism or genital disease was suspected. During the first monitored estrus, the bitch was mated and on day 18 [day 0, day of estimated peak of luteinizing hormone (LH)], ultrasound examination showed three amniotic vesicles that were however found to be resorbed between day 20 and 23. Progesterone concentrations, measured by ELISA, were >8 ng/mL until day 12 and 1-2.5 ng/mL on days 20, 23 and 26. Primary hypoluteoidism was therefore suspected. In the second monitored estrus, the bitch was mated and during pregnancy, progesterone concentrations were >8 ng/mL until day 17 and 1-2.5 ng/mL on day 19. On days 20 and 22, two out of three embryonic vesicles had been resorbed. The bitch was treated with progesterone in oil from day 19 to day 58. Increase in the size of 2nd left thoracic mammary gland (T2-L) was observed and on day 46, ultrasound evaluation and biopsy were performed revealing a low-cellularity fibroadenoma. Parturition started spontaneously at day 65 but due to dystocia caused by fetal macrosomia, a Caesarean section was performed. During the next (third) monitored estrus, the bitch was bred again and during pregnancy, early decrease in progesterone concentration confirmed the diagnosis of primary hypoluteoidism. The bitch was treated with synthetic progestin (altrenogest) from day 8 to day 57. Five amniotic vesicles were detected by ultrasonography. Recurrence of swelling of T2-L was observed. On day 60, the bitch whelped five pups, two males and three females. As reported later by the owner, the latter did not show any sign of heat over the past 3 years. In one of them, clitoral hypertrophy and a blind ending vagina were diagnosed. Conclusions: This is the first description of early hypoluteoidism in a pregnant bitch developing a mammary fibroadenoma under progestin treatment.
Canine pseudopregnancy and its treatment strategies
Pseudopregnancy is the most frequent finding syndrome of clinical signs observed in the nonpregnant domestic bitch. Pseudopregnant bitches show different clinical signs with those similar clinical signs shown by pregnant bitches. Decreased levels of progesterone concentration resulting in increased levels of prolactin predispose the bitches to pseudopregnancy. Pseudopregnancy is a normal phenomenon. Diagnosis is mainly carried out on the basis of the clinical signs revealed by the dog associated with the absence of fetuses by radiography and ultrasonographical examination. Several methods with varying results exist for the management of clinical forms of pseudopregnancy in the bitch. The only permanent solution for prevention of pseudopregnancy in the bitch is ovariohysterectomy. The objective of this present review is to describe the relevant aspects of physiology, clinical signs, diagnosis and treatment strategies of pseudopregnancy in the domestic bitch.
A rare case of true vaginal prolapse in a bitch after abortion due to hypoluteoidism
BULGARIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE
The aim of the present report was to describe a clinical case of spontaneous true vaginal prolapse in a bitch as a complication of complete abortion due to hypoluteoidism 49 days after mating. Ovariohysterectomy and cervicopexy were performed after repositioning of the protruded vaginal wall. Both ovaries contained very small luteal bodies. In conclusion, the true vaginal prolapse without signs of dystocia in the present case could result from pelvic tissue relaxation following the abnormal luteal function and serum progesterone decline.
Journal of reproduction and fertility. Supplement
It has been suggested that overt pseudopregnancy (PSP) in bitches is caused by rises in serum prolactin (PRL) consequential to an abrupt decline of progesterone (P 4) levels in late luteal phase. To test this hypothesis, we decided to use dioestrous ovariectomy (OVX) as an experimental model. A total of 18 intact cross and pure-bred bitches were included in this study. Eleven animals were ovariectomised (day 0), between day 25 and 40 of their oestrous cycle (OVXG), whereas 7 intact bitches were used as controls (CNTG). Blood samples for PRL and P 4 determinations were collected on days-1, 1, 2, 3 and 7 in the OVXG and on days-1 and 7 in the CNTG. On day 7, the presence or absence of overt PSP was recorded. On the same day the 4 OVXG bitches that had had a history of PSP episodes, presented signs of overt PSP (PSPG, p<0.01). On day 7, P 4 levels were significantly higher in the CNTG than in the OVXG (p<0.01). The expected fall in serum P 4 after OVX was similar in PSPG and non PSPG bitches (p>0.89). PSPG, but not non PSPG, showed a marked increase (expressed as % change) in PRL levels between day-1 and day 7 (p<0.01). We conclude that abrupt decreases in P 4 levels do not lead systematically to PSP. Only in predisposed bitches would an abrupt decrease in P 4 be able to induce a substantial rise in PRL concentrations, which in turn would trigger the typical signs of PSP.
Animal Reproduction Science, 2018
This research assessed the developmental stages and morphological quality of dog embryos collected during different stages of pregnancy as well as the relationship with serum progesterone recorded at insemination and embryo collection. Embryos were collected from 23 young mature bitches, that had been inseminated with fresh semen 3 to 6 days after the LH surge (day 0). Embryo flushing was performed on pregnancy days 8 to 11 (Group 1), 12 to 15
Pseudopregnancy in a Pomeranian Bitch: A case study
Journal of entomology and zoology studies, 2017
A Pomeranian bitch 1.5 year old was presented to Sanjay Gandhi Animal Care Centre Rajouri Garden (SGACC), New Delhi, India, for treatment. Abnormal signs were observed by owner few days before which revealed restlessness, anorexia, aggression, nesting behaviour and licking. Clinical examination revealed enlargement of mammary glands and milk secretion with normal vitals. It was diagnosed pseudopregnancy on the basis of clinical signs and observations as clinical signs are sufficient to diagnose the pseudopregnancy in bitch. The bitch was treated with cabergoline @ 5mg/kg BW orally and pulsatilla 30c @ 3 drops orally BID for 5 days. Owner was also advised to restrict the nesting and self nursing of bitch by applying e-collar. The bitch recovered uneventfully with normal clinical signs.