OSMANLI DEVLETİ'NDE SÜRGÜN SİYASETİNİN EYÂLET-İ RÛM'DAKİ YANSIMALARI (XIX. YÜZYIL) (original) (raw)

2019, ERCİYES ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ DOKTORA TEZİ

Ottoman Turks applied to add banishment which bases on as old as human history to their laws. They used that punishment which determines under the terms of the Islam Law especially in their last centuries. Mass banishments, which were done aiming to guarantee of the permanent victories in the beginning, were used being sentenced of some tribes doing banditry. We have seen the duration and conditions of banishment took place unclearly as the enforcement for some ordinary offences in the statue books which were published in the middle ages of Ottomans. The criminal book that expressed duration and conditions of banishment clearly in the legal framework was able to preach after Tanzimat Reform. With "Tarik-i İlmiyeye Dair Ceza Kanunâmesi" which was published dated 1838 in time of Mahmud II, for the first time, the Ottoman authority has removed the banishment as a punishment given by only a sultan or grand vizier and has transformed the punishment that could be enforced to a particular class in acknowledgment of tangible crimes. With "Ceza Kanunnâme-i Hümâyun", the most extensive statue book that the crimes were classified for the first time, it was announced how long exile punishment was given for every kind of crime. In the same law, the banishment which was defined as that someone domiciled permanent or temporary by sent from somewhere to another where was applied for the crimes such as especially political offences, malversation, bribery or bribing, interference of court decisions, homicide, rape, robbery, persecution, interference of troop draw, malfeasance, rebel or agitation for rebellion, forbidden behaviors by religion in public, and delivering of banned publishing etc. It is the true there is reason of chosen of Sivas Province and its two districts, Tokat and Amasya, where take place at the east of Middle Anatolia as detention xi colonies not only their climates and far away from the center but also their durable castles in the 19 century. Those places also were detention colonies for confinement in fortress or confinement in monastery for clergies to punish. Especially in the period of Mahmud II, the region which was regarded as the place where unsuccessful pashas were appointed turned also the condition of choice place for betterment of heterodox sheiks and dervishes. The most common method which opponents and culprits were punished was exile in that century when was the fall and collapse era of Ottoman Empire like a punishment which was in demand hard labor in the period when Ottoman Navy needed paddlers. That punishment that substituted to the political homicide after Tanzimat was used the gain or discipline of political offenders especially in the last quarter of the century. In that paper, it is studied on the exile justifications of offenders, dispatching of their exile places and the officer in charge of it, negative forgiving demands and justifications, expectations of governments for forgiven banishments, special and general amnesties for exiles, and anguishes of exiles' places and their families in their own homelands. It has been showed in the study that many exiles who complained about the weather conditions of banishment places where they lived and did not earn money were had pity on and were put on salary or daily wage, and some crowded exile convicts were delivered land and agricultural instruments in order to provide them to survive. So, it is examined in the frame of the topic that the exiles that learnt the strict sides of the state were had pity on in the sequel and most of them were released before their penalty process completed.