Gender, premorbid social functioning, and long-term outcome in< xh: i> DSM-III</xh: i> schizophrenia (original) (raw)
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Gender, Premorbid Social Functioning, and Long-term Outcome in DSM-III Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia Bulletin, 1990
The present study examined the relationships among premorbid social functioning, gender, and long-term outcome in a group of 82 subjects (41 men and 41 women) who were retrospectively rediagnosed to meet the criteria for DSM-III schizophrenia. The Premorbid Adjustment Scale was used to assess premorbid social functioning along a developmental continuum. The Community Adjustment Scale provided outcome data related to the subjects' degree of productivity, ability to maintain close relationships, and presence/ absence of symptomatology an average of 32 years after initial admission. The results indicated that females tended to exhibit better premorbid functioning than males. Although the outcome data did not reveal a statistically significant relationship between gender and longterm functioning, the results were in the predicted direction, with females again demonstrating more favorable outcome than males. Despite the absence of a statistically significant gender effect, a relationship did appear to exist between premorbid functioning and very long-term outcome, with premorbid asocial functioning predicting poor outcome.
Social functioning in first-episode schizophrenia: 1-year follow-up study
Aim: was to compare social functioning of first-admitted schizophrenic patients with healthy controls and evaluate the influence of different variables on social abilities of patients, 1 month (T1), 13 months after hospitalization (T2) and 4-6 years after T1 (T3). Material and methods: A group of 74 schizophrenic patients: 46 male and 28 female; age 24.7 ± 6.7 and a control group of matched 52 male and 34 female subjects were enrolled. Social Functioning Scale (SFS), Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), Global Assessment Scale (GAS) and socio-demographic questionnaire were used. Results: In all examinations SFS scores in the patients (T1-103.5; T2-104.4; T3-107.0), were significantly lower than in the healthy controls-117.0 (p<0.001). In longitudinal analysis, a mild improvement was observed in T3 SFS score and in its three subscales (p<0.05) In cross-sectional analysis, better social functioning was associated with female sex, longer education, activity before admission, and better functioning in the pre-admission period. In regression analyses SFS at T2 was predicted by PANSS total scores at T1 (27% of the variance), and at T3 by PANSS total scores at T1 and duration of psychotic symptoms before the first hospitalization (20% of the variance). Conclusions: Social functioning in schizophrenia is impaired from the onset of disease and may be mildly improved in intermediate follow-up. Female sex, higher education and pre-admission functioning are correlated with better social outcome, however regression analysis point to the duration of untreated illness and severity of symptoms after the first admission, as important predictors of social functioning in early course of schizophrenia. social functioning / schizophrenia / first-episode / follow-up study
Schizophrenia Research, 2013
The assessment of premorbid adjustment in schizophrenia has received considerable attention because of models suggesting that schizophrenia is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by abnormalities in functioning prior to onset of the disorder. Some studies suggest that premorbid adjustment is best viewed as a multidimensional construct where different areas of functioning might be differentially impacted by the illness and sex. The current study examined these matters using of Premorbid Adjustment Scale (PAS) in a sample of 421 individuals with schizophrenia. Confirmatory factory analyses conducted for three developmental periods (childhood, early adolescence, late adolescence) and for males and females separately, indicated that the PAS consists of academic and social factors that are invariant across developmental period and sex. However, differences in severity of academic and social premorbid impairment were present between males and females across developmental periods. Findings suggest important differences between males and females in the course of premorbid deterioration prior to onset of schizophrenia.
Social functioning in schizophrenia: what is the influence of gender?
The European Journal of Psychiatry, 2007
Background and Objectives: To examine the influence of gender on social functioning in patients with schizophrenia Methods: A sample of 318 schizophrenic (216 men and 102 women) (DSM-IV criteria) outpatients from four Spanish centres were administered the following instruments: Positive and Negative Symptom Scale (PANSS), Disability Assessment Scale (DAS-sv), and Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) Scale. A regression model was created with DAS and GAF as dependent variables, and gender, and other predictor variables as independent variables. Separate regression models were then generated for females and males. Results: Women had a better social functioning than men, and after adjusting for others predictor variables gender was a significant predictor specially for occupational functioning. In gender specific analyses, we found that the predictive variables for social functioning have more similarities than differences between men and women. Conclusions: In our sample, women showed a better social functioning than men specially in occupational functioning.
Premorbid Social Functioning in Schizophrenia and Healthy Controls – A Comparative Study
Objective of the study is to compare the premorbid social adjustment in patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls. Method: Maternal recall was used to assess the premorbid adjustment of patients with schizophrenia recruited from a survey of consecutive hospital admission for schizophrenia and healthy controls drawn from the same catchment area. Results: In the study there is significant difference in premorbid sociability and school functioning between subject with schizophrenia and healthy controls. These results are comparable to the previous studies on premorbid functioning in schizophrenia. Conclusion: The results of this study showed the association between poor social functioning in childhood and adult schizophrenia. In our study there is significant difference in premorbid sociability and school functioning between subjects with schizophrenia and healthy controls.
Psychiatric Quarterly, 2011
Social functioning (SF) is the ultimate target aimed in treatment plans in schizophrenia, thus it is critical to know what are the factors that determine SF. Gender is a well-established variable influencing SF, yet it is not known how social variables and symptoms interact in schizophrenia patients. Furthermore, it remains unclear whether the interaction between social variables and symptoms is different in men compared to women. Our aim is to test whether social variables are better predictors of SF in communitydwelled individuals with schizophrenia, and whether men and women differ in how symptoms and social variables interact to impact SF. Community-dwelling individuals with schizophrenia (N = 231) were randomly selected from a register. Participants were assessed with symptom measures (PANSS), performance-based social scale (LSP), objective social and demographic variables. Stratification by gender and stepwise multivariate regression analyses by gender were used to find the best-fitting models that predict SF in both gender. Men had poorer SF than women in spite of showing similar symptom scores. On stepwise regression analyses, gender was the main variable explaining SF, with a significant contribution by disorganized and excitatory symptoms. Age of onset made a less marked, yet significant, contribution to explain SF. When the sample was stratified by gender, disorganized symptoms and 'Income' variable entered the model and accounted for a 30.8% of the SF variance in women. On the other hand, positive and disorganized symptoms entered the model and accounted for a 36.1% of the SF variance in men. Community-dwelling men and women with schizophrenia differ in the constellation of variables associated with SF. Symptom scores still account for most of the variance in SF in both genders.
Social competence in schizophrenia: Premorbid adjustment, social skill, and domains of functioning
Journal of Psychiatric Research, 1990
The relations between premorbid adjustment, social skill, and domains of functioning (symptoms, social adjustment) were examined in a group of 107 schizophrenic, schizoaffective, and affective disorder patients. Premorbid sexual adjustment was moderately correlated with social skill in the schizophrenic and schizoaffective patients. Schizophrenic patients had the lowest premorbid adjustment and social skill, followed by schizoaffectives, and then affective patients. Within the schizophrenic group, social skill was significantly related to both current social adjustment and negative symptoms, but not positive symptoms. Similar but weaker effects were found for premorbid adjustment. The results suggest that deficits in social skill are correlated with poor premorbid and morbid social adjustment of schizophrenics.
Influence of age at onset on social functioning in outpatients with schizophrenia
2006
Background and Objectives: There are different factors that have been found to predict disability in schizophrenia. The aim of our study is to evaluate the influence of age at onset on social functioning in schizophrenia in a large sample of schizophrenic outpatients controlling for gender. Methods: Two hundred and thirty-one subjects with schizophrenia (DSM-IV criteria) were randomly selected from a register that included all patients under treatment in five mental health care centers (MHCC) in Spain. Patients were evaluated with a sociodemographic and clinical questionnaire, and the Spanish version of the Living Skills Profile (LSP). Pearson's analyses were performed between age at onset and LSP, and an ANOVA analysis to compare three groups of age at onset (early, middle and late). Gender was introduced as a covariable. Results: Mean age at onset of the total sample was 23 (sd 7.35), with women having a later age at onset than men (women 24.6 (sd 9.1) ; men 22.2 (sd 5.9) (p<0.05)). The relation between age at onset and social functioning was only significant in the not interpersonal social behavior subscale (p<0.01). Early age at onset was positively related to social contact-communication (p<0.05), not interpersonal social behavior (p<0.05) and total LSP score (p<0.05). When including gender as a covariable, a significant relationship between age at onset and social functioning was found in most of the LSP subscales. Conclusions: Early onset of illness negatively influences psychosocial functioning, especially in the areas of communication, not interpersonal social behaviour and self-care. Female gender positively influences most aspects of social functioning.
IOSR Journals , 2019
Objective of the study was to compare the premorbid social adjustment in patients with schizophrenia, bipolar affective disorder and healthy controls. Method: Maternal recall was used to assess the premorbid adjustment of patient with schizophrenia, bipolar affective disorder recruited from a survey of consecutive hospital admission for schizophrenia, bipolar affective disorder and healthy controls drawn from same catchment area. Results: In the study there was significant difference in poor social functioning in childhood and adult psychosis. Conclusion: The results of the study showed there was significant difference in premorbid sociability, and school functioning between patients with schizophrenia, bipolar patients exhibited poorer social impairment though to a lesser degree than subjects with schizophrenia.