Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'ndeki Ermeni Lobisinin Başarısını Etkileyen Faktörler (original) (raw)
Related papers
The Armenian-American Lobby and Its Impact on U.S. Foreign Policy
Society, 2014
Most of the few studies and press articles dealing with the U.S. Armenian lobby have tended to insist on this lobby's successes, regarded as impressive and disproportionate. This has generated a few problems in its global understanding, especially with regards to its impact on U.S. foreign policy, and has contributed to shape a generalized perception of a "small" lobby, capable of considerable influence on U.S. foreign policy. The main goal of this article is to question this common perception in order to propose a more accurate evaluation of this lobby. Mostly thanks to its influence in Congress, it has succeeded in getting positive results, particularly concerning U.S. financial assistance to Armenia. However, it has also experienced some failures, particularly on issues related to Turkey or American energy policy.
2021
ABSTRACT The Strategic Power of Ethnic and Foreign Lobbies in US Foreign Policy: Comparison of Greek and Armenian Lobbies with Turkish& Turkey Lobbies In liberal and participatory political systems, pressure and interest groups are one of the most important parts of democracy. Pressure groups organized for various purposes want to influence politics. These groups collaborate with lobbies to influence decision makers. For the purposes of pressure groups, lobbies try to influence decision-makers through direct, indirect or collective methods. In the research, the definitions, functioning and purposes of pressure groups and lobbies were examined. The place where lobbies are most effective and transparent is Washington. Pressure groups in many different fields in the USA, ethnic groups and foreign countries try to be effective in the decision-making processes of Capitol Hill and the White House through lobbies. Legal and historical process of lobbying in the US have been investigated in depth. Relations with the United States, the dominant power of the period, are very important for all countries. For this reason, countries try to take advantage of US Foreign Policy through various foreign and ethnic lobbying activities. Ethnic lobbies such as the Greek and Armenian Lobbies have benefited from their anti-Turkey lobbying activities in the past and present. The lobbying activities of Turks in the USA and Turkey have remained incomplete compared to rival lobbies at this point. In the research, Greek and Armenian Lobbies were examined in detail and compared with Turkish and Turkey Lobbies. It is very important to use the lobbying activities of the US-Turkey relations, where the crises have deepened day by day. Therefore, in the research, how to use lobbying, which is a strategic power, more effectively was analyzed. Key Words: Pressure Groups, Lobbying, Lobbying in the USA, Washington Lobbyists, Ethnic and Foreign Lobbies, Greek Lobby, Armenian Lobby, Turkish Lobby, Turkey Lobby
2013
In this study, rather than focusing on whether Armenian allegations reflect the truth or whether the issue constitutes genocide, how the nature of the US political system reflects on the legislative attempts in regards to the Armenian allegations is examined. Within this framework, the nature of legislation execution when important foreign policy matters are in question is studied and how the president takes the lead and dominates the issue in the process of foreign policy specification. In the study, it is advocated that the President and the Congress go through a struggle to specify the foreign policy, the Presidents come out of the struggles as winners, the presidents approach the Armenian issue in a more different manner than the members of the Congress and this approach prevents the enactment of a bill that Armenians expect. While the study presents the influence of the political system on foreign policy decisions, it also reveals how the foreign policy decision making mechanism works in a presidential government. The results demonstrate that the nature of the legislative-executive relations is another factor determining the outcome of the Armenian attempts.
Impacts of the Lobbies on Turkish-American Relations in the Context of Middle East Politics.pdf
Tayyar ARI, 2009
Pressure groups are very important for the representative democracies and democratic participation, and their influences on the executive and legislative branch have been main topic of many scientific researches so far. Besides, lobbies, interest groups, organized groups, political groups and civil societies are also used instead of the concept of pressure groups to explain such organizations established to influence the political process in favor of themselves. These organizations which are called by different conceptualization would be separated sub organizations such as professional associations, trade unions, media organizations, companies, volunteer associations and lobbies. In this connection, Jewish, Greek, Armenian, Arabian and Turkish lobbies concerning the relation between American and Turkish governments are very important and have significant impact on the process. In this paper we would like to highlight the lobbies which have been a significant part of American political system due to their influences on the decision making process, both executive and legislative branch and in this context to underscore the relations between Turkey and the United States.
Baština Journal, 2022
Strategic communication is one of the expressions of the soft power and represents an instrument in the political and security achievement of national interests. One of the strategic communication forms is lobbying. Potential lobbying of foreign policy is significant, as it could bе realized through direct military intervention for support of interest group goals. The paper presents gained results of interest representation of Albanian interest groups regarding U.S. foreign policy as support of the achievement of the separatists' goal in the form of the Republic of Kosovo. Using content analysis and conclusions synthesis, the paper presents results that indicate effective and productive effects of applied interest representation strategy. It is a suggested that base of common interest should focus on political, economic and security interests, and institutional preconditions for effective lobbying of U.S. institutions. Conclusions indicate that organized and strategically planed lobbying approach to U.S. institutions can bring very good results.
Iran's Strategy and Perspectives in Lobbying
DergiPark (Istanbul University), 2019
The goal of lobbying is to influence the government's policy, implement its policies, help determine policy guidelines for political, social, ecological, business, and other purposes. Lobbying is often an effective way of influencing decision-makers. But its success depends on our knowledge, our resources and our communications. In fact, lobbying is a modern phenomenon that private sectors, such as NGOs, active trade unions in the country, political, economic, ideological and even military organizations, are trying to help move the development engine in various fields. This will be done by providing real, documented, valid, and free analysis. Therefore, they influence decisions, which are in the interest of the lobbyists. Lobbying is certainly a new and legal form of communication. The Internet is a new technology that greatly improves the process. For many years, Left thinking has made the word private sector synonymous with rendering. This view is changing over the last few years. But, at some point, there is still no positive look at private-sector organizations. Years ago, cooperation with union activists and trade unions in Iran was not pleasant. They believed that the syndicates sought their own personal interests and benefits. So, they said why should they work with them? After some time, the power of the influence of the trade unions was determined, but again the taboo of opposition to it were not broken. Many believed that lobbying was a tool that cooperated with power institutions and should be supported by the state and party powers. On the other hand, there was a negative attitude in the society about lobby and lobbying, and among lobbying people it meant cunning and jobbery, sabotage or to tamper. One of the most important means of success in lobbying is to have a government backing and power. But the general view of the Iranian society about the word lobby is wrong. In many countries, lobbying has been accepted as an important tool. Lobbying is a lucrative and formal job and even lobbying firms are officially active. Therefore, we must attention to the inside and outside of lobbying. Perhaps the most important problem at the moment is that lobby and lobbying in Iran lack a clear framework, which is why the views on it are not so positive. That is why in this article we will try to address the issue of lobbying and its effects. Why in Iran, despite such different views, lobbyists have been able to develop rapidly? What is the strategy of lobbying? This important question forms the essence of our article.
THE POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF INTEREST GROUPS ON THE US FOREIGN POLICY: A CASE OF KOSOVO
Matica Srpska Social Sciences Quarterly, 2017
Current developments in the world geopolitical arena indicate that U.S. foreign policy substantially impacts the global and regional scene. At the same time, interest representation or lobbying is legally based and professionally legitimized under the regulatory observation of authorities and the general public. In this paper, the author discusses organizational forms of political interest representation and the models of lobbying in U.S. foreign policy. Moreover, the results of the organized influence on the U.S. foreign policy decisions through the participation of Albanian interest groups in support of the implementation of the so-called "Republic of Kosovo" project are presented in the paper. The methodology of content analysis and synthesis of conclusions induced the resultant indicators of the effective implementation of the interest representation strategy. Conclusions point to the potentials of organized and strategically planned lobbying activities toward the U.S. institutions to achieve national interest in foreign policy.
Iran's Strategy and Perspectives in Lobbying
joiss.karabuk.edu.tr, 2019
The goal of lobbying is to influence the government's policy, implement its policies, help determine policy guidelines for political, social, ecological, business, and other purposes. Lobbying is often an effective way of influencing decision-makers. But its success depends on our knowledge, our resources and our communications. In fact, lobbying is a modern phenomenon that private sectors, such as NGOs, active trade unions in the country, political, economic, ideological and even military organizations, are trying to help move the development engine in various fields. This will be done by providing real, documented, valid, and free analysis. Therefore, they influence decisions, which are in the interest of the lobbyists. Lobbying is certainly a new and legal form of communication. The Internet is a new technology that greatly improves the process. For many years, Left thinking has made the word private sector synonymous with rendering. This view is changing over the last few years. But, at some point, there is still no positive look at private-sector organizations. Years ago, cooperation with union activists and trade unions in Iran was not pleasant. They believed that the syndicates sought their own personal interests and benefits. So, they said why should they work with them? After some time, the power of the influence of the trade unions was determined, but again the taboo of opposition to it were not broken. Many believed that lobbying was a tool that cooperated with power institutions and should be supported by the state and party powers. On the other hand, there was a negative attitude in the society about lobby and lobbying, and among lobbying people it meant cunning and jobbery, sabotage or to tamper. One of the most important means of success in lobbying is to have a government backing and power. But the general view of the Iranian society about the word lobby is wrong. In many countries, lobbying has been accepted as an important tool. Lobbying is a lucrative and formal job and even lobbying firms are officially active. Therefore, we must attention to the inside and outside of lobbying.
2013
Historical analysis of the relationship between the State and civil society in Turkey demonstrate the problematic nature of interactions between these domains. All through the Turkish political history, the actors within civil society had been subject to inherent legal and structural limits in terms of access to the political level and thus had been relegated to a weak-standing. This historical legacy of civil society’s portrayal as inept and devoid of any real role in politics had eventuated in academic lack of interest concerning possible transformations in the civil society’s potential. Over the last decade, the European Union (EU) negotiation framework has provided a new opportunity context enhancing the chances of decision making participation of groups that operate within the Turkish civil society. One should consider the positive impact of the EU pressures for regular and structural participation of these previously excluded stakeholders. Lobbying groups’ increasing access to...