Cervical Cytology Associated with Leucorrhea in Rural Women of India (original) (raw)
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International Journal of Health Sciences and Research, 2012
Objective: Worldwide, cervical cancer is the 2nd most common cancer in women. 80% of all the cases of cervical cancer occur in the developing countries. Cervicovaginal cytology (Pap) is an effective means of screening for cervical lesions. The objective of this study is to determine the prevalence of abnormal cervical lesions with respect to clinicopathological and social aspect of cancer screening in rural India. Material and Methods: This was hospital based study of 930 Pap smears. The time period was from June 2004 to June 2009. The patients presented with leucorrhoea, low back pain, irregular vaginal bleeding, dyspareunia were included. Unsatisfactory smears and patients without clinical history and age were excluded from the study. The 2001 Bethesda system of interpretation of smears was used as a guideline. Result: In this study, leucorrhoea was the main common complaint (69.3%) followed by low backache (33.5%). Majority (36.5%) of the patients belongs to 3-4 decades with mean...
International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences
Background: Carcinoma cervix is the second most common malignancy of women in India after breast cancer. The present study was conducted to determine the spectrum of cervical lesions by liquid-based cytology in Western Rajasthan population.Methods: It is a Prospective study on 1087 cervical samples carried over a period of 1 year. Cervical samples were taken and processed by SurePath™ LBC.Results: Of total 1087 cases 959 were negative for intraepithelial lesion or malignancy (88.22%). 88 cases (8.09%) were reported as unsatisfactory. Among the non- neoplastic cases- bacterial vaginosis was reported in 209 cases (21.8%), Candida in 77 cases (8.02%), both Candida and bacterial vaginosis in 12 cases (1.25%), reactive cellular changes in 193 cases (20.12%), and Trichomonas vaginalis in 01 case. Among pre-malignant and malignant lesions, 40 cases (4.17%) the distribution was as follows-atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance 16(1.67%), atypical squamous cell-cannot rule out ...
https://www.ijhsr.org/IJHSR\_Vol.7\_Issue.4\_April2017/IJHSR\_Abstract.014.html, 2017
Introduction: Cancer cervix being the most common cancer of the female population in India needs early screening and interventions in high-risk females. Pap smears is the gold standard method of screening women of all ages for possible epithelial lesions of cervix which are precursor lesions of cancer cervix. Objectives: 1. To observe the various gynecological symptoms in patients presenting to a tertiary care centre. 2. To correlate various demographic factors with their clinical symptoms. 3. To correlate their Pap smear findings with their signs & symptoms & various demographic factors. Materials & Methods: In the present study, we assessed the clinical manifestations of females presenting to the Gynecology outpatient department and correlated the Pap smear findings with the symptoms and other demographic factors. Results: The most common age group was 40-49 years (42%). The most common presenting symptom (23%) was Abnormal/Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding (AUB/DUB). Inflammatory smear was the most common diagnosis on pap-smears (52%). Epithelial lesions constituted 4% of the total cases. LSIL was the most common epithelial lesion.
Innovative Publication, 2016
Background: Aim of the study was to know various histopathological variants in cervical lesion, its incidence with respect to age in Ambejogai city of Maharashtra. Materials & Methods: A total of 618 cases of cervical lesions were analysed prospectively in a period of 2 years during September 2013 to August 2015 to assess various pattern of cervical lesion. Cases were studied in detail about history, clinical examination and other findings. Results: Of the total 618 cases, 516 (83.50%) were non neoplastic all of which were inflammatory and 102(16.5%) were neoplastic of which cervical malignancies, benign lesions and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) constituted 80(12.94%), 12(1.94%) and 10(1.62%) respectively. Amongst inflammatory lesions, the commonest lesion was chronic nonspecific cervicitis 428(82.95%) followed by papillary endocervicitis 88(17.05%). The associated changes of chronic nonspecific cervicitis were nabothian cyst (11.92%), squamous metaplasia (11.68%), and koilocytic change (22.43%). Inflammatory lesions were commonly found in the sexually active period of women i.e. 31-50 years with a peak incidence in the age group of 31-40 years. Cervical malignancies were common in the age group of 40-60 years and presented most commonly with bleeding per vagina. CIN was most common in the age group of 41-50 years with CINII as the predominant grade having white discharge as the most common symptom. Conclusions: Non-neoplastic were the commonest lesions of the cervix. Women in the older age group with bleeding per vagina should be suspected for cervical malignancy and should be examined for the same.
IAR Consortium, 2021
As the living conditions are entirely different under rural and urban setup in India, this may have impact on the occurrence of precancerous changes in the cervix. It was thought interesting to compare the cytological findings in two cohorts in relation to different risk factors of the disease. T he rural women were recruited from the ongoing rural cervical cancer screening program in the western region of Lucknow for last seven years while the urban cohort was derived from the 35 years of screening of outdo or patients of the
Cervical cytology plays an important role in diagnosis of cervical dysplasia and invasive cervical cancer within hours to days in subject to the availability of the Pap test facility in a health centre. The present study was carried out with the aim to detect the abnormality in the uterine cervix among the women of age group 20-65 years who attended gynecology OPD of Gauhati Medical college during September, 2011 to August, 2012; also to find out the association of dysplasia detected by cytology with age factor and parity status of the women. The procedure included scrapping from transformation zone of uterine cervix by exposing the cervix with help of Cusco's speculum; then smeared in a clean grease free glass slide, alcohol fixed and stained with papanicoloau stain. Smears were reported according to the Bethesda system 2001 which showed 88.05% smears were negative for CIN and 11.95% were showing positive results with varying degree of CIN to invasive cancer. There exists a sig...
Utility of cervical cytology in asymptomatic women under rural conditions in India
2020
Problems-The present study was carried out in the rural asymptomatic women who avoided Pap smear examination during counseling on the pretext that they are healthy and have no gynecological problems. Experimental approach-Rural cervical cancer screening is in progress in Lucknow and 2912 women have been cytological examined till December 2019. Of these, 924 women were asymptomatic. Major findings-The incidence of squamous intraepithelial lesions of cervix (SIL) was very high (16.5%) in asymptomatic women which may be related to poor personal genital hygiene due to illiteracy. The SIL rate was high in women presenting cervical lesions and in the illiterate women and showed increasing trend with rising age and parity. Conclusion-Cytological screening in asymptomatic rural women is mandatory because carcinoma cervix is mostly asymptomatic in its pre-invasive phase and when detected and treated will help in checking the incidence of the disease in the rural population screened.
Background: Cervical cancer caused by infection with a sexually transmitted agent human papillomavirus (HPV), can be readily prevented by identifying and treating women with HPV-induced precancerous lesions of the cervix. Objective: To study the profile of cervical smear cytology in rural women in western Maharashtra. Methods: The study was designed to look at the previous reports of the Pap smear present at the health center Pravaranagar in rural area of Western Maharashtra. The reports of 186 smears were analyzed. Results: Maximum numbers of the women (70.43%) were less than 40 years of age. Majority of the women were from lower socioeconomic status. There were 29.03 % Pap smears, negative for intraepithelial lesion. Intraepithelial neoplasia of various grade and invasive cervical carcinoma were diagnosed in some cases. Other infections were also detected on Pap smear like bacterial vaginosis, candidial infection and trichomonas vaginalis infestation. Conclusion: An Awareness and education program needs to be implemented to target women about cervical cancer and Pap smear screening. The goal of any screening programme should be to pick up majority of the precursor lesions and not frank cancers; it is desirable to initiate Pap smear screening in women from lower socioeconomic status before the 40 years of age.
International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, 2016
Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer in women and the seventh overall, with an estimated 528,000 new cases every year. Cancer cervix is the most common cancer in women in several less developed countries, and now the second most common cancer in India. Almost 70% of the global burden of cervical cancer is in areas with lower levels of development, and more than one fifth of all new cases are diagnosed in ABSTRACT Background: Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer affecting women worldwide, the most common cancer in women in several less developed countries, and now the second most common cancer in India. Cervical cytology by papanicolaou (PAP) smear test is an effective tool for detecting abnormal cytology in early stages, thus allowing early detection and treatment. The PAP smear is extremely important for detecting premalignant and malignant conditions of cervix. The study was conducted to determine; (1) Cytomorphologic incidence of various lesions of uterine cervix; (2) Categorization of detected lesions according to Bethesda system; (3) Determination of epithelial abnormalities by cervical cytology. Methods: The settings and design of this study is a hospital based prospective study from a tertiary care centre in Central India. A total of 5813 conventional pap smear tests collected from January 2010 and December 2014 were analyzed. All patients attending outpatient department of obstetrics and gynecology for complaints of abnormal cervical discharge, dyspareunia, inter-menstrual bleeding, post-coital bleeding and lower abdominal pain were included. Various cervical pap screening camps were also done during this period. Smears were fixed and stained with hematoxylin & eosin (H&E) and papanicolaou stain were done. Results: The overall frequency of normal, inadequate, inflammatory, and abnormal smears was 11.86%, 5.73%, 74.98% and 13.2% respectively. Atypical squamous cell carcinoma of undermined significance (ASCUS) was seen in 3.61%, squamous intraepithelial lesion (SIL) was seen in 5.36%, low grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) was seen in 2.59% while high grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) was seen in 2.77%. Invasive carcinoma was seen in 3.69%. The premalignant epithelial abnormalities like ASCUS, LSIL and HSIL were found to be highest in the age group of 31-50 years in our study, which correlated well with other similar studies. Conclusions: Hence we should advocate regular cervical cytology (PAP) smear study, which can help to treat cervix lesions early before the progress into cervical cancer. Early detection is the only key to saving a woman's life as the later the abnormalities are discovered; mortality, morbidity and treatment cost all increase.
Cervical cytology screening in young rural girls between the age of 16-20 years
Sumathi Publications, 2022
Background: Candida infection study is essential in rural women who are illiterate and financially weak and are not aware of personal genital hygiene, and thus harbor persistent vaginal infections due to insufficient medical amenities. Method: Rural cervical cancer screening has been in progress in the western region of Lucknow, India, since May 2013 through camp approach, and to date, a total of 2949 women have been cytologically examined. The candidal infection has been observed in the 143 cervical smears of women, and findings have been analyzed concerning the different predisposing factors of cervical carcinogenesis. Result: The incidence of Candida albicans seen in cervical smears of the total 2949 women examined was 4.8% higher than in their urban counterparts (1.2%). The Candida was seen more in the inflammatory smears (9.4%) and those showing squamous intra-epithelial lesions of the cervix (SIL).-(8.2%). The fungus was found more prevalent in the reproductive age group and women complaining of vaginal discharge and resulted from persistent vaginal infections in the rural women that should be treated. The Candida was commonly seen in erosion cervix cases, but it was high in women with cervicitis and cervix bleeds on touch. Conclusions: This persistent vaginal infection was seen in illiterate and impoverished rural women who were unaware of personal genital hygiene. There is a need to create awareness for personal genital hygiene through health workers for making any cancer screening program meaningful and successful.