Mesenchymal Stem Cell's in Therapy- a Review (original) (raw)
Related papers
Biology, properties and clinical application of Mesenchymal stem cells
Stem cells are originally divided into two major categories of embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are of the most important adult stem cells which have attracted the attention of most researchers. MSCs are plastic adherent, spindle shaped cells with mutipotent potency which able to differentiate into osteoblastic, chondrogenic, adipogenic lineages, while recent studies have demonstrated that MSCs are also able to differentiate into other lineages, like neuronal and cardiomyo‐genic lineage. They participate in repairing tissues such as bone, cartilage, muscle, tendon and fat. Potency of MSCs along with immunosuppressive properties have make them proper candidate for stem cell based therapy trails. In this study, biology and properties of MScs is described at the end recent clinical application of these cells will be discussed.
Mesenchymal stem cells: Cell therapy and regeneration potential
Journal of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, 2019
Rapid advances in the isolation of multipotent progenitor cells, routinely called mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs), from various human tissues and organs have provided impetus to the field of cell therapy and regenerative medicine. The most widely studied sources of MSCs include bone marrow, adipose, muscle, peripheral blood, umbilical cord, placenta, fetal tissue and amniotic fluid. According to the standard definition of MSCs, these clonal cells adhere to plastic, express cluster of differentiation (CD) markers such as CD73, CD90, and CD105 markers, and can differentiate into adipogenic, chondrogenic, and osteogenic lineages in vitro. However, isolated MSCs have been reported to vary in their potency and self-renewal potential. As a result, the MSCs used for clinical applications often lead to variable or even conflicting results. The lack of uniform characterization methods both in vitro and in vivo also contribute to this confusion. Therefore, the name "MSCs" itself has been increasingly questioned lately. As the use of MSCs is expanding rapidly, there is an increasing need to understand the potential sources and specific potencies of MSCs. This review discusses and compares the characteristics of MSCs, and suggests that the variations in their distinctive features are dependent on the source and method of isolation as well as epigenetic changes during maintenance and growth. We also discuss the potential opportunities and challenges of MSC research with the hope to stimulate their use for therapeutic and regenerative medicine.
Jurnal Teknokes
The mesenchymal stroma harbours considerable population of stem cell-like cells with differentiation and self-renewal abilities that originate from several sources like amniotic fluid, Wharton’s jelly, umbilical cord etc. Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) are most commonly found in the perivascular niche. This multipotent progenitor cells have the ability to differentiate into mesodermal cell types such as adipocytes, chondrocytes and osteocytes. MSCs can also exert significant immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory effects by interacting with lymphocytes from both innate and adaptive immune system. MSCs of fetal origins can go through same processes as MSCs derived from elsewhere. Before senescence, they make more cell divisions than adult MSCs of bone marrow or adipose tissue. The propitious properties of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), such as their ability to differentiate into diverse cell lineages and their regenerative properties, have intrigued researchers, whose work has provid...
Comparative analysis of mesenchymal stem cells from bone marrow, cartilage, and adipose tissue
2008
Introduction: Advances in tendon engineering with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are hindered by a need for cues to direct tenogenesis, and markers to assess tenogenic state. We examined the effects of factors involved in embryonic tendon development on adult MSCs, and compared MSC responses to that of embryonic tendon progenitor cells (TPCs), a model system of tenogenically differentiating cells. Methods: Murine MSCs and TPCs subjected to cyclic tensile loading, transforming growth factor-β2 (TGFβ2), and fibroblast growth factor-4 (FGF4) in vitro were assessed for proliferation and mRNA levels of scleraxis, TGFβ2, tenomodulin, collagen type I and elastin. Results: Before treatment, scleraxis and elastin levels in MSCs were lower than in TPCs, while other tendon markers expressed at similar levels in MSCs as TPCs. TGFβ2 alone and combined with loading were tenogenic based on increased scleraxis levels in both MSCs and TPCs. Loading alone had minimal effect. FGF4 downregulated tendon marker levels in MSCs but not in TPCs. Select tendon markers were not consistently upregulated with scleraxis, demonstrating the importance of characterizing a profile of markers. Conclusions: Similar responses as TPCs to specific treatments suggest MSCs have tenogenic potential. Potentially shared mechanisms of cell function between MSCs and TPCs should be investigated in longer term studies.
Mesenchymal stem cells: characteristics and clinical applications
Folia Histochemica Et Cytobiologica Polish Academy of Sciences Polish Histochemical and Cytochemical Society, 2006
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are bone marrow populating cells, different from hematopoietic stem cells, which possess an extensive proliferative potential and ability to differentiate into various cell types, including: osteocytes, adipocytes, chondrocytes, myocytes, cardiomyocytes and neurons. MSCs play a key role in the maintenance of bone marrow homeostasis and regulate the maturation of both hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells. The cells are characterized by the expression of numerous surface antigens, but none of them appears to be exclusively expressed on MSCs. Apart from bone marrow, MSCs are located in other tissues, like: adipose tissue, peripheral blood, cord blood, liver and fetal tissues. MSCs have been shown to be powerful tools in gene therapies, and can be effectively transduced with viral vectors containing a therapeutic gene, as well as with cDNA for specific proteins, expression of which is desired in a patient. Due to such characteristics, the number of clinical trials based on the use of MSCs increase. These cells have been successfully employed in graft versus host disease (GvHD) treatment, heart regeneration after infarct, cartilage and bone repair, skin wounds healing, neuronal regeneration and many others. Of special importance is their use in the treatment of osteogenesis imperfecta (OI), which appeared to be the only reasonable therapeutic strategy. MSCs seem to represent a future powerful tool in regenerative medicine, therefore they are particularly important in medical research.
NEWER ADVANCES IN MESENCHYMAL STEM CELL THERAPY
Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 2020
In the modern world, overcoming diseases are more challenging and newer ways are being discovered to give high quality of patient care, on the basis of scientific experimentation and applicative studies undertaken by various institutes and organizations. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are procured through many body origins usually by the placenta as well as the umbilical cord but other sources like bone core derived MSCs are also important as each source will give the cells its own characteristic features. MSCs play a very important role in the scenario with their multi-lineage potency that can either directly or indirectly by acting on cytokines or growth factors can cause cell regeneration process and hold great possibility of wound repair, treating spinal cord injuries, and treating auto immune diseases by immunomodulation. MSCs can give incredible help in case of bone, cartilage or tissue related defects, injuries or disorders that may be corrected or repaired through it. They can be employed in various heart related complications, bacterial activity, sepsis, liver dysfunctions, diabetes, and even prove useful in cancer. Various procedures either physiological or surgical are present including cell therapies, tissue, and osteo-engineering and immune targeted experimentations that can treat the diseases as well as ensure complete recovery.
The use of mesenchymal stem cells in tissue engineering: A global assessment
Organogenesis, 2008
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are of great interest to both clinicians and researchers for their great potential to enhance tissue engineering. Their ease of isolation, manipulability and potential for differentiation are specifically what have made them so attractive. These multipotent cells have been found to differentiate into cartilage, bone, fat, muscle, tendon, skin, hematopoietic-supporting stroma and neural tissue. Their diverse in vivo distribution includes bone marrow, adipose, periosteum, synovial membrane, skeletal muscle, dermis, pericytes, blood, trabecular bone, human umbilical cord, lung, dental pulp and periodontal ligament. Despite their frequent use in research, no standardized criteria exist for the identification of mesenchymal stem cells; The International Society for Cellular Therapy has sought to change this with a set of guidelines elucidating the major surface markers found on these cells. While many studies have shown MSCs to be just as effective as unipotent cells for certain types of tissue regeneration, limitations do exist due to their immunosuppressive properties. This paper serves as a review pertaining to these issues, as well as others related to the use of MSCs in tissue engineering.
Journal of Regenerative Medicine & Biology Research, 2020
Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs); which were first described by Alexander Fridenstein in the 1960s; are heterogeneous, non-hematopoietic, adult multipotent stromal progenitor cells that are capable of self-renewal and differentiation into various cell types [1-8]. They can be isolated from various sources including: Bone Marrow (BM) which is the main source, peripheral blood, umbilical cord blood, amniotic fluid, placenta, Adipose Tissue (AT), dental pulp, synovial fluid, salivary glands, liver, lung, skin and skeletal muscles [1-10]. MSCs have the following distinguishing features: adherence to the plastic vessel; capacity to different into osteoblasts, adipocytes and chondrocytes; and being characteristically positive for CD105, CD73, and CD90 and characteristically negative for CD45, CD34, CD11b, CD14, CD19, CD79a, and human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR on flow cytometry [1,3,4,11-16]. However, under certain circumstances, MSCs obtained from BM, AT, and other sources may express CD34 surface markers [5-8,17]. Additionally, MSCs do not express significant histocompatibility complexes and immune stimulating molecules. Consequently, they escape immune surveillance and their clinical utilization in transplantation is not associated with graft rejection [10].
Mesenchymal stem cells and their use in therapy: What has been achieved?
Differentiation, 2013
The considerable therapeutic potential of human multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells or mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) has generated increasing interest in a wide variety of biomedical disciplines. Nevertheless, researchers report studies on MSCs using different methods of isolation and expansion, as well as different approaches to characterize them; therefore, it is increasingly difficult to compare and contrast study outcomes. To begin to address this issue, the Mesenchymal and Tissue Stem Cell Committee of the International Society for Cellular Therapy proposed minimal criteria to define human MSCs. First, MSCs must be plastic-adherent when maintained in standard culture conditions (a minimal essential medium plus 20% fetal bovine serum). Second, MSCs must express CD105, CD73 and CD90, and MSCs must lack expression of CD45, CD34, CD14 or CD11b, CD79a or CD19 and HLA-DR surface molecules. Third, MSCs must differentiate into osteoblasts, adipocytes and chondroblasts in vitro. MSCs are isolated from many adult tissues, in particular from bone marrow and adipose tissue. Along with their capacity to differentiate and transdifferentiate into cells of different lineages, these cells have also generated great interest for their ability to display immunomodulatory capacities. Indeed, a major breakthrough was the finding that MSCs are able to induce peripheral tolerance, suggesting that they may be used as therapeutic tools in immunemediated disorders. Although no significant adverse events have been reported in clinical trials to date, all interventional therapies have some inherent risks. Potential risks for undesirable events, such as tumor development, that might occur while using these stem cells for therapy must be taken into account and contrasted against the potential benefits to patients.