Gender Inequality in Labour Force Participation: An Empirical Investigation (original) (raw)
Related papers
Determinants of Female Labour Force Participation Rate in Pakistan
2019
Low levels of female participation in Pakistan have been widely debated among academics and policymakers. Using a formal mathematical investigation through the shift-share analysis and empirical investigation through a multiple regression analysis, the study finds out that overall labour force participation rate declined for men and risen up for females between 2002-2015 in Pakistan but the increase in women inclusion is substantially lower in urban than rural areas. Additionally, the increase in the supply of highly educated females does not upshot participation towards the upper end of the labour market. Major determinants identified by the empirical analysis that affect female inclusion in workforce rate include real per capita GDP, poverty level, the unemployment rate of females, fertility rate and female literacy rate. Thus, inclusion of females in the workforce is imperative as it not only fuels the socio-economic development but also initiates progress nationally.
Economic Determinants and Female Labour Force Participation: An Empirical Analysis of Pakistan
Developing Country Studies, 2013
Females labour force plays a crucial role in economic development by enhancing the development potential of a country. This paper investigates the effects of economic determinants on female labour force participation of Pakistan by employing ARDL, ECM approach and Granger Causality over the period of 1980-2010.The outcome of the study shows that favourable economic policies encourage female labour supply to participate in the economic and productive activities. The results support this phenomenon for both long and short run periods. This study suggested that the government should devise policies that promote females contribution in the formal sector of the economy. Moreover, cottage industries need to be promoted and informal sector needs restructuring by encouraging females.
Female Labor Force Participation in Pakistan: A Case of Punjab
Journal of Social and Development Sciences
The present study is an effort to investigate the patterns of female labor force participation in case of Pakistan. In particular, the study analyzed the determinants of female labor force participation decision. The study utilized Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2007-08 data of Punjab. Education is used as a direct human capital variable while; age is a proxy of human capital. The variables used in the analysis are female labour force participation, age, age square, marital status, area, female monthly income, family monthly income, family size, household head education, different classes of female education and employment status. To remove the selectivity bias, the study used Heckman’s (1979) two step procedure. Results of Logit model depicts that household head education, primary, middle, matric & mudrassa education level negatively related with the decision of female labor force participation while, decision towards participation is strong if female belonged to urban area, i...
Estimating the Determinants of Female Labor Force Participation in Pakistan
2021
The study estimates the factors affecting female labor force participation (FLFP) in Pakistan. For this purpose, the study uses Pakistan Social and Living Standard Measurement Survey data for the year 2013-14 and employs the logit model because of the binary nature of the dependent variable. The results reveal that FLFPhas a positive relationship with the age of the female. Whereas it has u-shaped relation with the education of the women. Females living in a household whose headsare professional; skilled agriculture, forestry, and fishery;elementary occupations like laborer, hawkers, and masonshave more chancesto enterthe labor market as compared to females whose household heads are managers or executives.There is a negative relationship between FLFP and household size. Poverty and female proportion arepull-factors, whereas wages are pull-factor. Further,the impacts of foreign remittanceson FLFParefavorable.
2018
female labour force participation is dependent variable. The data was analyzed through SPSS software. The result shows that with the passage of time female participation is consistently increasing and unemployment and fertility rate are decreasing It is a health sign that female labour participation is increasing and it will ultimately enhance national income. However, ratio of female participation is less as compared to South Asian countries.
An In-Depth Analysis of Women’s Labor Force Participation in Pakistan
Women in Pakistan are subjected to severe employment discrimination. Theorist claims that female employment has positive impact on country economy and women wellbeing. Labor force data from Pakistan bureau of statistics and World Bank suggests that labor force participation of women in Pakistan, as percentage of total women workforce and percentage of total countries work force is below par when compared to international standard and developed countries. Moreover majority of women are accumulated in informal sectors mostly agriculture. The reason for this gender discrimination is ingrained in political, legal, economic and cultural factors that adversely affect the status of women, limit the employment opportunities and employment options for women. It is suggested that holistic change approach should be initiated in country by the country, supported by media and accepted by masses.
2020
The purpose of this study was to estimate the effect of gender inequality in education on females’ labor force participation in 14 major cities (rapidly urbanizing areas) of Pakistan after taking into account the socio-economic indicators like the marital status of female, the gender of the head of household, physical facilities, the median income of the household, etc. Data were gathered from the Pakistan Social Standard of Living Measurement Survey from 2004-05 to 2011-12. Pseudo Panel technique was applied using cities and females in the age group 15-65 as cohorts. Graphical representation and fixed effect techniques were used for analyzing the issue. On the basis of the results, the study recommends some policies such as education facilities, especially, technical, vocational, and job-oriented education should be provided to the females on an equal basis. Females should be given equal opportunities as males, there should be laws to eliminate wage differential. Women’s participa...
Low Female Labour Participation in Pakistan: Causes and Consequences
2013
Participation in labour market is an important strategy for enhancing women’s empowerment and related bargaining power within and outside the household, Agarwal (1994, 2002), UNDP (2003). However, a favourable participation of women in Pakistan is constrained by their lack of skill, education, and training beside socio-cultural norms. Moreover, women also carry the double burden of unpaid household work and the paid workload. At the same time, it is also believed that women enjoy a sense of independence and self-confidence by working for an income. Sen (2001), and Agarwal (2001, 2002), argue that through employment and other income-generating activities women’s economic position improves and their status strengthens within the household.
Determinants of Female Labor Force Participation in Pakistan
2017
There are many factors related to female entering the labor market. For example, household income, household expenditure, education and status of the head of the household (male/ female). The degree of correlation between each variable and female labor force participation rate varies throughout the country. This study focused on the factors due to which women enter in labor market. Tobit model is used for this analysis. It is concluded that education and household expenditures have positive but insignificant impact on the female LF, whereas household income and head of the household has negative impact on FLF. It is suggested that in order to improve the working condition of female labor force government should take necessary action, for example women education etc.
Economic Growth-Female Labour Force Participation Nexus: An Empirical Evidence for Pakistan
The Pakistan Development Review
Economic literature shows significant attention towards the role played by female labour force in the economic development of nations. The structural changes of economies from agriculture to industrial and services sector reduce the female labour force participation in case of developing nations. The activities of female labour force increases in the later stage of economic development due to increase in education and dynamics of economic activity. As the size of the economy expands females have easier and better access of jobs thus are encouraged to become economically active, it leads to increase female participation in the productive activities. The participation of female labour force is desirable for both equity and efficiency reasons. The equity aspect shows that the women’s participation in the labour market ultimately improves their relative economic position, increase the overall economic efficiency by enhancing the development potential of the country. Moreover, the increa...