National Interactions: Hungarians as Minorities and Changes in the Definition of Who Is Hungarian in the 1930s (original) (raw)

2014, Influences, Pressures Pro and Con, and Opportunities. Studies on Political Interactions in and Involving Hungary in the Twentieth Century

Offi ce, felt that using the name of a prime minister would call too much attention to it on the part of Romania's intelligence and counter-intelligence services. Th is they would have preferred to avoid, since the Hostel/College, which in part did operate as a place where students lived, but did not really off er accommodations to foreigners in general, only to ethnic Hungarians coming from Romania.

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Cornelius D. People's Colleges in Hungary. 2011 AHA conference paper. NÉKOSZ

AHA Conference, 2011

In the postwar years, Hungary experienced the dismantling of the traditional social order, bringing about a radical transformation of Hungarian society. Arrests of the traditional leadership and an exodus of the old ruling classes to the West were followed by measures to eliminate the existing leadership and replace it with those loyal to the new regime. A major focus of this transformation was the move to eliminate independent organizations of Hungarian youth and to educate a new generation loyal to the new regime and its ideology. In July of 1946 the minister of the interior dissolved the organization for Catholic peasant youth, KALOT, attempted to dissolve the Hungarian Scouts, and dissolved 1,500 other civil societies and church youth groups. By 1948 the Communists succeeded in the nationalization of the schools, opening the way for an educational system controlled by the party. But in 1946 a major initiative was begun to form a new more democratic elite with the founding of the National Association of Folk Colleges (Népi Kollégiumok Országos Szövetsége or NÉKOSZ). NÉKOSZ, intended to educate talented peasant, worker, and urban youth, aimed to create a new generation, the future leadership. In my paper I will focus on the hopes engendered by NÉKOSZ for the formation of this new generation, based on "the people," who would become the leaders of a new democratic regime. Yet, the very independence of the 120 People's Colleges raised the suspicions of the regime, leading to its demise with the formation of the totalitarian one party state.

Representing an Ethnic Community in a Communist State: Transylvanian Hungarian Intellectuals between Cohabitation and Resistance

2014

This study addresses the changing strategies of social inclusion, which the Hungarian elites in Romania pursued after WWII. The establishment of communist rule in Romania involved the members of the Hungarian ethnic minority in very different ways. As early as 1946, inner tensions and debates occurred inside this community, while groups from its elite organized manifestations of resistance against the new rulers. After 1947, the communist leadership of Romania dramatically changed its policies with regard to the ethnic Hungarians, and this caused a great disillusion to those who believed that the collective rights of minorities would be guaranteed in the new political framework. The events of 1956 reshaped the way the cultural elites of that ethnic group related to the communist regime. Later, the manifest nationalistic propaganda of late communism in Romania generated political dissent among the members of a new generation of Hungarian intellectuals. It is in that period that the p...

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