Redox-Active Zinc Thiolates for Low-Cost Rechargeable Aqueous Zn-ion Batteries (original) (raw)
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Mechanism and Optimizations of Aqueous Zinc-ion Battery
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Nowadays, more and more problems of environmental deterioration make the development of environmentally friendly energy imminent. For the requirements of low cost, high security, and high efficiency, aqueous Zn-ion batteries are a promising trend for research. In this paper, the mechanism of aqueous Zn-ion batteries will be illustrated in three aspects: cathode materials, zinc anode, and electrolytes. Moreover, possible alternatives for each part of the batteries will be comprehensively illustrated in detail. In addition, the challenges such as short capacity, zinc dendrites, and corrosion and passivation will be analyzed and the possible corresponding solutions will be proposed. Finally, a concise conclusion will be given.
Zn-based batteries for energy storage
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Zn-based electrochemistry is considered to be the most promising alternative to Li-ion batteries due to its abundant reserves and cost-effectiveness. In addition, aqueous electrolytes are more convenient to be used in Zn-based batteries due to their good compatibility with Zn-chemistry, thereby reducing cost and improving safety. Furthermore, Zn 2+ /Zn couples involve two-electron redox chemistry, which can provide higher theoretical energy capacity and energy density. Based on this, a series of Zn-based battery systems, including Zn-ion batteries, Zn-air batteries, and Zn-based redox flow batteries, have received more and more research attention. Here, the fundamentals and recent advances in Zn-based rechargeable batteries are presented, along with perspectives on further research directions.
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Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have been considered an easily accessible battery technology because of their low weight, cheapness, etc. Unfortunately, they have significant drawbacks, such as flammability and scarcity of lithium. Since the components of zinc-ion batteries are nonflammable, nontoxic, and cheap, AZIBs could be a suitable replacement for LIBs. In this article, the advantages and drawbacks of AZIBs over other energy storage devices are briefly discussed. This review focused on the cathode materials and electrolytes for AZIBs. In addition, we discussed the approaches to improve the electrochemical performance of zinc batteries. Here, we also discussed the polymer gel electrolytes and the electrodes for flexible zinc-ion batteries (FZIBs). Moreover, we have outlined the importance of temperature and additives in a flexible zinc-ion battery. Finally, we have discussed anode materials for both AZIBs and FZIBs. This review has summarized the advantages and disadvantages of AZ...
A Facile Chemical Method Enabling Uniform Zn Deposition for Improved Aqueous Zn-Ion Batteries
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Rechargeable aqueous Zn-ion batteries (ZIBs) have gained great attention due to their high safety and the natural abundance of Zn. Unfortunately, the Zn metal anode suffers from dendrite growth due to nonuniform deposition during the plating/stripping process, leading to a sudden failure of the batteries. Herein, Cu coated Zn (Cu–Zn) was prepared by a facile pretreatment method using CuSO4 aqueous solution. The Cu coating transformed into an alloy interfacial layer with a high affinity for Zn, which acted as a nucleation site to guide the uniform Zn nucleation and plating. As a result, Cu–Zn demonstrated a cycling life of up to 1600 h in the symmetric cells and endowed a stable cycling performance with a capacity of 207 mAh g−1 even after 1000 cycles in the full cells coupled with a V2O5-based cathode. This work provides a simple and effective strategy to enable uniform Zn deposition for improved ZIBs.
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Rechargeable aqueous Zn-ion batteries (AZIBs) are considered alternative stationary storage systems for largescale applications due to their high safety, low cost, and high power density. However, Zn anode issues including dendrite formation and side reactions greatly hinder the practical application of AZIBs. To solve the Zn anode issues, various strategies based on material designs have been developed. It is necessary to analyze and classify these strategies according to different materials, because different properties of materials determine the underlying mechanisms. In this review, we briefly introduce the fundamental issues in Zn anodes. Furthermore, this review highlights the material designs for the protection of Zn anodes in mild AZIBs. Finally, we also offer insight into potential directions in the material designs to promote the development of AZIBs in the future.
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High-energy and durable aqueous Zn batteries enabled by multi-electron transfer reactions
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Aqueous Zn batteries (AZBs) have emerged as a highly promising technology for large-scale energy storage systems due to their eco-friendly, safe, and cost-effective characteristics. The current requirements for high-energy AZBs attract extensive attention to reasonably designed cathode materials with multi-electron transfer mechanisms. This review systematically overviews the development and challenges of typical cathode hosts capable of multiple electron transfer reactions for high-performance Zn batteries. Moreover, we also summarize how to trigger the multi-electron transfer chemistry of cathodes, including transition metal oxides, halogens, and organics, to further boost the energy storage capability of AZBs. Finally, perspectives on critical issues and future directions of the multi-electron transfer battery systems offer novel insights for advanced Zn batteries.
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Mildly acidic aqueous zinc (Zn) batteries are promising for large-energy storage but suffer from the irreversibility of Zn metal anodes due to parasitic H2 evolution, Zn corrosion, and dendrite growth. In recent years, increasing efforts have been devoted to overcoming these obstacles by regulating electrolyte structures. In this review, we investigate progress towards mildly acidic aqueous electrolytes for Zn batteries, with special emphasis on how the microstructures (in the bulk phase and on the surface of Zn anodes) affect the performance of Zn anodes. Moreover, effective computational simulations and characterization measurements for the structures of bulk electrolytes and Zn/electrolyte interfaces are discussed, along with perspectives for the direction of further investigations.